Physiology PreTest Self-Assessment and Review PDF
Preview Physiology PreTest Self-Assessment and Review
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THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Student Reviewers Maxx Gallegos Medical Student University of Kansas School of Medicine Russel Kahmke Medical Student SUNY Upstate Medical University Benjamin O. Lawson Medical Student Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara School of Medicine Daniel Marcovici Medical Student Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Shama Patel Medical Student Ross University School of Medicine Sheree Perron Medical Student Eastern Virginia Medical School Kendall Smith Medical Student University of Kansas School of Medicine Contents Contributors Introduction Acknowledgments High-Yield Facts High-Yield Facts in Physiology General Principles: Cellular Physiology Questions Answers General Principles: Multisystem Processes Questions Answers Physiology of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular Systems Questions Answers Neurophysiology Questions Answers Musculoskeletal Physiology Questions Answers Respiratory Physiology Questions Answers Cardiovascular Physiology Questions Answers Gastrointestinal Physiology Questions Answers Renal and Urinary Physiology Questions Answers Reproductive Physiology Questions Answers Endocrine Physiology Questions Answers Bibliography Index Contributors Adam C. Calaway, MD Resident, Urology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Chapter 1. Renal and Urinary Physiology Section of High-Yield Facts Chapter 10. Renal and Urinary Physiology Meredith L. Dorr, MD Resident Physician Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Chapter 1. Endocrine Physiology Section of High-Yield Facts Chapter 12. Endocrine Physiology Patricia J. Metting, PhD Professor, Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medicine Vice Chancellor and Senior Associate Dean for Student Affairs The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo, Ohio Chapter 1. High-Yield Facts in Physiology Chapter 2. General Principles: Cellular Physiology Chapter 3. General Principles: Multisystem Processes Chapter 4. Physiology of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular Systems Chapter 5. Neurophysiology Chapter 6. Musculoskeletal Physiology Chapter 7. Respiratory Physiology Chapter 8. Cardiovascular Physiology Chapter 9. Gastrointestinal Physiology Chapter 10. Renal and Urinary Physiology Chapter 11. Reproductive Physiology Chapter 12. Endocrine Physiology Vicki A. Ramsey-Williams, MD, PhD Associate Professor Department of Neurology The University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio Chapter 1. Neurophysiology Section of High-Yield Facts Chapter 5. Neurophysiology Mark K. Tuttle, MD Clinical Fellow Harvard Medical School Resident, Internal Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Chapter 1. Cardiovascular Physiology Section of High-Yield Facts Chapter 8. Cardiovascular Physiology Introduction Each PreTest™ Self-Assessment and Review is designed to allow allopathic and osteopathic medical students, as well as international medical graduates, a comprehensive and convenient way to assess and review their knowledge of a particular medical science, in this instance, physiology. The 500 questions have been organized to parallel the Content Outline for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE™) Step 1 (http://www.usmle.org/Examinations/step1/step1_content.html). By familiarizing yourself with the Step 1 Content Outline, you will get a more accurate idea of the subject areas covered in each section. For example, acid-base and electrolyte balance and high-altitude physiology are topics covered under General Principles: Multisystem Processes and oxygen and carbon dioxide transport are covered in the chapter on the Physiology of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular Systems, rather than under Renal or Respiratory Physiology, respectively, where you likely learned them during your medical school education. In addition to guiding your preparation for Step 1, the value of organizing the questions according to the Step 1 Content Outline is that the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) score reports that are given to each examinee provide relative performance in each of the various areas tested by the USMLE Step 1. Thus, when you eventually find out how you performed in each category, you will have a more accurate understanding of your areas of strength and weakness. Physiology: PreTest™ has been updated to include more two-step questions that require test-takers to not only make a diagnosis based on the clinical vignette presented, but also demonstrate their knowledge of the physiology/pathophysiology of the disorder. In this way, the questions in Physiology PreTest™ more closely parallel the length and the degree of difficulty of the questions that you should expect to find on the USMLE Step 1. Physiology: PreTest™ will also be a valuable resource for osteopathic medical students studying for the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX)-USA. Similar to Step 1 of the USMLE, Level 1 of the COMLEX-USA, administered by the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc., emphasizes an understanding of the basic science mechanisms underlying health and disease, and is constructed with clinical presentations in the context of medical problem solving (http://www.nbome.org). Each question in Physiology: PreTest™ is followed by multiple answer options. For each question, select the one best answer from the choices given. The Question section of each chapter is followed by an Answers section that provides the correct answer for each question, along with an explanation. The explanation provides the reason why the correct answer is correct and, in most cases, the reasons why the wrong answers are wrong. The explanations also provide additional information relevant to the clinical vignette and its underlying basic and clinical science. The references accompanying each question are from excellent physiology, pathophysiology, internal medicine, and Step 1 preparation textbooks. Step 1 is the first of three exams required for medical licensure in the United States. Although it is a test that examines knowledge of the basic sciences, the expectation is that you can apply the basic knowledge in clinical problem solving. By using clinical vignettes and clinical reference texts, our hope is that your preparation for the USMLE Step 1 (and/or COMLEX-USA Level 1) will also serve to enhance your ability to function competently in the clinical environment. The material in the referenced pages will provide a more expansive description of the subject matter covered by the question. One effective way to use the PreTest™ is to use it as a review for each topic area. Start by reading the High-Yield Facts on a selected topic found at the beginning of the book. The High-Yield Facts are not meant to be a complete list of all of the important facts, concepts, and equations necessary for understanding physiology. Those that are included, however, offer a solid foundation and should be included in your review of physiology in preparation for a class test or for the USMLE Step 1. Once you’ve completed your reading on a topic, answer the questions for that chapter. As you check your answers, be sure to read the explanations, as they are designed to reinforce and expand on the material covered by the questions. If you are still unsure of why the correct answer is correct, you should also read the referenced text pages. PreTest™ can also be used as a practice testing session. Set aside two-and-a-half hours, and answer 150 of the questions, writing the answers on a separate sheet of paper. Once you have completed all 150, then you can go back and compare your answers to the ones provided in the book. This exercise will help you assess your level of competence and confidence prior to taking the USMLE Step 1. Whichever way you use PreTest™, an important part of your review can be found in the explanations. We wish you the very best on your examination, your clinical training, and your medical career. Keep in mind that there is a PreTest™ available for the other basic sciences, as well as in each of the required clinical disciplines, so you are encouraged to make the PreTest™ series your review books of choice throughout the preclinical and clinical portions of the medical school curriculum, as well as during your preparation for Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) of the USMLE or for the COMLEXUSA Level 1 and Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation (CE). Acknowledgments The contributions of the authors of all previous editions of this book are gratefully acknowledged, especially those of James F. Kleshinski, MD, co-editor of the 13th edition. The input of the medical student reviewers was valuable for enhancing the quality of this latest edition. Thanks to Catherine Johnson, Editor, Medical Publishing Division, McGraw-Hill Professional, for her expert editorial assistance and guidance, as well as her enthusiasm and commitment to providing medical students with the very best educational resources available in the market. In addition, the contributions of Ritu Joon, Thomson Digital, in the typesetting and revisions, as well as the involvement of Cindy Yoo, Project Development Editor, and Richard Ruzycka, Production Supervisor, McGraw-Hill Professional, are greatly appreciated.
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