Physiology of sport and exercise PDF
Preview Physiology of sport and exercise
PHYSIOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE L prJACKH.WILMORE DAVID COSTILL \ Digitized by the Internet Archive 2010 in http://www.archive.org/details/physiologyofsporOOwilm PHYSIOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE Jack H. Wilmore, PhD Margie Gurley Seay Centennial Professor Departmentof Kinesiology and Health Education UniversityofTexasatAustin David L. Costill, PhD John and Janice FisherChair in Exercise Science Directorof Human Performance Laboratory Ball State University Muncie, Indiana w Human Kinetics Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilmore, Jack H., 1938- Physiology of sport and exercise /Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-87322-693-3 1. Exercise-Physiological aspects. 2. Sports-Physiological aspects. I. Costill, David L. II. Title. QP301.W6749 1994 612-.044-dc20 94-3913 CIP ISBN: 0-87322-693-3 Copyright © 1994 by Jack H. Wilmore and David L. Costill All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by anyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingxerography,photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission ofthe publisher. Editorial Director: Sue Mauck Writer: Lori K. Garrett Developmental Editor: Lori K. Garrett AssistantEditors: JulieC. Lancaster, DawnRoselund,JackieBlakely,AnnaCurry,EdGiles, andJohnWentworth Copyeditor: Thomas Plummer Proofreader: Pam Johnson Production Director: Ernie Noa Text Designer: Keith Blomberg Typesetter: Julie Overholt Layout Artists: Denise Lowry, Denise Peters, and Tara Welsch Illustrator: Thomas-Bradley Illustration & Design Medical Illustrator: Beth Young Cover Designer: Keith Blomberg Cover Photographer: John Kelly Printer: Bang Printing Binder: Decker 1098765432 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 1 Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825-5076 1-800-747-4457 Canada: Human Kinetics, Box 24040, Windsor, ON N8Y 4Y9 1-800-465-7301 (in Canada only) Europe: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box IW14, Leeds LSI6 6TR, England 0532-781708 Australia: Human Kinetics, P.O. Boa 80, Kingswood 5062, South Australia 618-374-0433 NewZealand: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 105-231, Auckland 1 (09) 309-2259 To those who have had the greatest impact on my life: to my lovely wife, Dottie, and ourthree wonderful daughters, Wendy, Kristi, and Melissa, for their patience, understanding, and love; to Mom and Dad for their love, sacrifice, direction, and encouragement; to my students, who are a continual source ofjoy and inspiration; and to my Lord, Jesus Christ, who is always there providing for every one ofmy needs. Jack H. Wilmore To my mother and father: Helen Frances Costill 1914-1993 Bruce Calvin Costill 1911-1972 David L. Costill Acknowledgments We would like to thank Rainer Martens for accepting the challenge of trying something new and different and for putting up with a couple of old dogs who were resistant to trying any new tricks. Rainerand the staffat Human Kinetics have been supportive ofour many demands and have been extremely dedicated to publishing a qualityproduct. SpecialrecognitionmustgotoSue Mauck,Editorial Director, who kept this project on a tight timeline, and to Julie Lancaster, for her endless hours of editorial assistance. But most importantly, Lori Garrett, our Developmental Editor, was the glue that held everything together. Lori had to deal with us almost daily and is largely responsible fortaking our ideas and putting them into a rational and logical flow. She made us work hard, but no harder than she did, to make this book come alive. Lori, we owe you a great big thanks! We appreciate the efforts ofJim Pivarnik, Jack Ewing, Art Welt- man, and Bill Kraemer, who read the initial manuscripts and gave us important feedback that was incorporated into this final product. Special thanks also go to Vic Convertino, Ed Coyle, Bob Malina, and Matt Vukovich forreading and reacting to chapters, keeping us focused and on target. Finally, we thank our families, who put up with our many long hours of isolation while we were writing, rewriting, editing, and finally proofing this book. Their patience and support can never be repaid. Jack H. Wilmore David L. Costill 8 5 Contents Preface ix Chapter 1 An IntroductiontoExerciseand SportPhysiology TheFocusofExerciseandSportPhysiology 4 AHistoricalPerspective 5 TheAcutePhysiological ResponsestoExercise 10 ChronicPhysiologicalAdaptationstoTraining 1 ResearchMethodology 1 Inclosing 20 KeyTerms 20 StudyQuestions 20 PartA Essentials ofMovement Chapter2 MuscularControl ofMovement TheStructureandFunctionofSkeletalMuscle 26 SkeletalMuscleandExercise 33 InClosing 41 KeyTerms 42 StudyQuestions 42 1Chapter3 Neurological ControlofMovement 44 TheStructureandFunctionoftheNervousSystem 46 TheCentral NervousSystem(CNS) 53 ThePeripheralNervousSystem(PNS) 56 Sensory-MotorIntegration 58 TheMotorResponse 63 InClosing 64 KeyTerms 64 a StudyQuestions 65 I 66 Terminology 68 StrengthGainsFromResistanceTraining 70 Muscle Soreness 77 DesigningResistanceTrainingPrograms 80 AnalyzingtheImportanceofResistanceTraining 85 InClosing 86 KeyTerms 86 StudyQuestions 86 4 7 Part B Energy for Movement Ch 92 EnergyforCellularActivity 94 Bioenergetics: ATPProduction 96 MeasuringEnergyUseDuringExercise 104 EnergyExpenditureatRestandDuringExercise 110 CausesofFatigue 11 InClosing 119 KeyTerms 119 StudyQuestions 119 Chapter 6 Hormonal RegulationofExercise 122 TheNatureofHormones 124 TheEndocrineGlandsandTheirHormones 128 TheEndocrineResponsetoExercise 135 HormonalEffectsonMetabolismandEnergy 135 HormonalEffectsonFluidandElectrolyteBalanceDuringExercise 139 InClosing 142 us KeyTerms 142 sa StudyQuestions 142 Ch?""*'''*'' "^ \'5i->t'jhAl!(' Afi'.j" '•^ming 144 AdaptationstoAerobicTraining 146 TrainingtheAerobicSystem 151 AdaptationstoAnaerobicTraining 153 MonitoringTrainingChanges 156 InClosing 158 KeyTerms 158 StudyQuestions 158 PartC CardiorespiratoryFunction and Performance Chapter8 CardiovascularControl During Exercise 162 StructureandFunctionoftheCardiovascularSystem 164 CardiovascularResponsetoExercise 176 InClosing 186 1^ KeyTerms 186 StudyQuestions 187 Cha atorv Resiuiation Dunnu Exercise 190 PulmonaryVentilation 192 PulmonaryDiffusion 194 TransportofOxygenandCarbonDioxide 198 GasExchangeattheMuscles 200 TheRegulationofPulmonaryVentilation 202 VentilationandEnergy Metabolism 206 RespiratoryLimitationstoPerformance 207 RespiratoryRegulationofAcid-BaseBalance 208 Inclosing 211 KeyTerms 211 StudyQuestions 212 Chapter 10 CardiorespiratoryAdaptations to Training 214 Endurance 216 EvaluatingEnduranceCapacity 217 CardiovascularAdaptationstoTraining 21 Respiratory AdaptationstoTraining 226 MetabolicAdaptations 227 Long-TermImprovementinEndurance 229 FactorsAffectingtheResponsetoAerobicTraining 230 Cardiorespiratory EnduranceandPerformance 235 InClosing 236 ^ KeyTerms 236 im StudyQuestions 236
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