Physiology and Behaviour of Animal Suffering (UFAW Animal Welfare)

282 Pages·2005·1.32 MB·English

by  Neville G. Gregory

Physiology and Behaviour
of Animal Suffering
Neville G. Gregory
Royal Veterinary College
and
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Blackwell
Science

Physiology and Behaviour
of Animal Suffering
The Universities Federation for
Animal Welfare
UFAW, founded 1926, is an internationally recognised, independent, scientific and educational
animal welfare charity concerned with promoting high standards of welfare for farm, companion,
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in animal welfare;
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reports and the journal Animal Welfare;
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“Improvements in the care of animals are not now likely to come of their own
accord, merely by wishing them: there must be research...and it is in
sponsoring research of this kind, and making its results widely known, that
UFAW performs one of its most valuable services.”
Sir Peter Medawar CBE FRS, 8th May 1957
Nobel Laureate (1960), Chairman of the UFAW Scientific Advisory Committee (1951–1962)
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please contact us at the address below.
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Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone] Website: www.ufaw.org.uk
Physiology and Behaviour
of Animal Suffering
Neville G. Gregory
Royal Veterinary College
and
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Blackwell
Science
© 2004 Universities Federation for Animal First published 2004
Welfare (UFAW)
ISBN 0-632-06468-4
Series editors:
James K. Kirkwood, Robert C. Hubrecht A catalogue record for this title is available
and Elizabeth A. Roberts from the British Library
Blackwell Science, a Blackwell Publishing Gregory, Neville G.
company Physiology and behaviour of animal
Editorial offices: suffering / Neville G. Gregory.
Blackwell Science Ltd, 9600 Garsington p. cm. – (UFAW animal welfare
Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK series)
Tel:[phone] Includes bibliographical references and
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Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is Suffering? 1
1.2 Why Worry about Animal Suffering? 1
1.3 When Can We Stop Worrying about Animal Suffering? 1
1.4 Recognising Suffering in Animals 7
1.5 Can Animals Go Mad? 8
1.6 What Constitutes Animal Suffering? 9
1.7 Conclusions 10
2 Stress 12
2.1 Stress Physiology 12
2.2 Stress-related Disorders 17
2.3 Restraint Stress 19
2.4 Stress-induced Analgesia 21
2.5 Stress-induced Seizures and Fits 21
3 Anxiety and Fear 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Anxiety 23
3.3 Experimental Models 25
3.4 Fear 26
3.5 Fright 28
3.6 Phobias 28
3.7 Panic 29
3.8 The Role of the Amygdala 30
3.9 Losing One’s Mother 31
v
vi Contents
4 Emotional Numbness and Deprivation 32
4.1 Anhedonia 32
4.2 Depression 33
4.3 Social isolation in the Newborn 34
4.4 Sensory Deprivation in Early Life 35
4.5 Sensory Deprivation in Later Life 36
4.6 Social Isolation and Barren Environments 36
4.7 Stereotypies and Neurotic Behaviours 37
4.8 Learned Helplessness 40
4.9 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 40
4.10 Sleep Disorders 42
4.11 Weaning 44
4.12 Physiology of Emotions 45
5 Aggression, Overcrowding and Discomfort 46
5.1 Aggression 46
5.2 Overcrowding and Confinement 51
5.3 Discomfort 54
6 Exercise 56
6.1 Overexertion 56
6.2 Endurance Riding 57
6.3 Horse-racing Injuries 58
6.4 Greyhound Racing Injuries 61
6.5 Migration 63
7 Cold 64
7.1 Cold Discomfort and Pain 64
7.2 Skin Freezing and Chilblains 65
7.3 Hypothermia 66
7.4 Sensitivity to Cold 67
7.5 Hypothermia and Cold Survival 67
7.6 Cold in Combination with Starvation 69
7.7 Cold-induced Analgesia 70
8 Heat and Burns 72
8.1 Heat Stress 72
8.2 Heat Intolerance 73
8.3 Some Species Differences 74
8.4 Pain 75
8.5 Burns and Scalds 76
Contents vii
9 Thirst and Hunger 83
9.1 Thirst and Dehydration 83
9.2 Overhydration 86
9.3 Osmotic Stress 86
9.4 Hunger 87
9.5 Underfeeding 88
9.6 Emaciation 89
9.7 Inappropriate Diets 91
9.8 Forced Moulting 92
9.9 Force-feeding and Overeating 92
10 Pain 94
10.1 The Value of Pain 94
10.2 Pain Associated with Trauma 95
10.3 Ways in Which Animals Express Pain 99
10.4 Pain Pathways and Consciousness 102
10.5 Cortical Regions 106
10.6 Applied Neurology of Pain 107
10.7 Pain in a Given Context 119
11 Trauma 131
11.1 Injuries in Selected Body Regions and Tissues 131
11.2 Some Common Causes of Injury 133
11.3 Intended or Avoidable Causes of Trauma 142
11.4 Types of Injury 172
12 Sickness and Disease 183
12.1 Is Suffering an Inevitable Consequence of Being Ill? 183
12.2 Do the Behaviours Expressed During Sickness Serve a
Purpose? 185
12.3 Cytokines and Sickness Behaviours 186
12.4 Cancer 187
12.5 Stress and Immune Function 188
12.6 Corticosteroid Therapy 191
12.7 Anaemia 191
12.8 Hazards of Improving Disease Control 191
12.9 Diseases Used for Controlling Pests 192
13 Digestive System 193
13.1 Nausea 193
13.2 Vomiting and Retching 193
13.3 Gut Pain 195
13.4 Diarrhoea 197
13.5 Gut Injuries 198
viii Contents
13.6 Stress and the Gut 198
13.7 Gastrointestinal Ulcers 199
14 Poisoning 201
14.1 Wartime Poisons 201
14.2 Environmental Toxicants 202
14.3 Vertebrate Pesticides 203
15 Respiratory System 207
15.1 Asphyxia 208
15.2 Breathlessness 209
15.3 Carbon Dioxide Inhalation 211
15.4 Drowning 212
15.5 Pulmonary Oedema 214
15.6 Hypoxia 215
15.7 Altitude Sickness 217
15.8 Decompression 218
15.9 Collapse of the Lung and Pneumothorax 219
15.10 Asthma and Allergies 219
15.11 Ammonia 220
15.12 Signs of Respiratory Distress 220
15.13 Agonal Gasping 222
16 Dying 223
16.1 Euthanasia 224
16.2 Decapitation 226
16.3 Religious Slaughter 227
16.4 Death from Brain Injury 227
16.5 Recognising Insensibility and Brain Death 229
References 232
Abbreviations 258
Index 260
Colour plate sections falls after page 148