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The Reticuloendothel ial System A COMPREHENSIVE TREA TISE Volume 7A Physiology The Reticuloendothelial System A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE General Editors: Herman Friedman, University 0/ South Florida, Tampa, Florida Mario Escobar, Medical College 0/ Virginia, Richmond, Virginia and Sherwood M. Reichard, Medical College 0/ Georgia, Augusta, Georgia MORPHOLOGY Edited by lan Carr and W. T. Daems BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM Edited by Anthony J. Sbarra and Robert R. Strauss PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY Edited by Nicholas Cohen and M. Michael Sigel IMMUNOPATHOLOGY Edited by Noel R. Rose and Benjamin V. Siegel CANCER Edited by Herman Friedman and Ronald B. Herberman IMMUNOLOGY Edited by Joseph A. Bellanti and Herbert B. Herscowitz PHYSIOLOGY (In two parts) Edited by Sherwood M. Reichard and James P. Filkins PHARMACOLOGY Edited by John Hadden, Jack R. Battisto, and Andor Szentivanyi HYPERSENSITIVITY Edited by S. Michael Phillips and Peter Abramoff INFECTION Edited by John P. Utz and Mario R. Escobar The Reticuloendothelial System A COMPREHENSIVE TREA TISE Volume 7A Physiology Edited by SHERWOOD M. REICHARD Medical College oj Georgia Augusta, Georgia and JAMES P. FILKINS Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, IIlinois PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under tide: The Reticuloendothelial system. Includes bibliographies and indexes. CONTENTS: v. 1. Carr, 1., Daems, W. T., and Lobo, A. Morphology.-v. 2. Biochemistry and metabolism-[etc.]-v. 7A Physiology. 1. Reticulo-endothelial system. 2. Macrophages. I. Friedman, Herman, 1931- 11. Escobar, Mario E. 111. Reichard, Sherwood M. [DNLM: 1. Reticuloendothelial sys tem. WH650 R437] QP1l5.R47 591.2'95 79-25933 ISBN 978-1-4684-4576-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-4574-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-4574-9 ©1984 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicaI, photocopying, rnicrofilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors DARRYL R. ABSOLOM • Immunochemistry Laboratory, Department of Micro biology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, and Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, and Department of Me chanical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada SAMIR K. BALLAS • Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Depart ment of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania JAMES A. COOK • Department of Physiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina w. J. DOUGHERTY • Department of Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina MARC FELDMANN • ICRF Tumour Immunology Unit, Department of Zoology, University College London, London, England JAMES P. FILKINS • Department of Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois HENRY GANS • Surgical, Research, and Pathology Services of the Danville Veterans Administration Medical Center, and University of Illinois School of Basic Medical Science and Clinical Medicine, and Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana, Illinois ALBERT S. GORDON • Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York P. H. E. GROOT • Department of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands PAUL W. GUDEWICZ • Department of Physiology, Albany Medical College of Union University, Albany, New York P. V. HALUSHKA • Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Medical Uni versity of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina v vi CONTRIBUTORS FARID I. HAURANI • Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Depart me nt of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania NADER G. IBRAHAM • Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York JOHN E. KAPLAN • Department of Physiology, Albany Medical College of Union University, Albany, New York DAVID R. KATZ • Department of Pathology, The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, England RICHARD D. LEVERE • Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York DUDLEY G. Mo ON • Department of Physiology, Albany Medical College of Union University, Albany, New York R. J. Mo ON • Division of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer Univer sity, Macon, Georgia EUZABETH D. MOYER • Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry, State Uni versity of New York, Buffalo, New York. Present address: Department of In travenous Nutrition, Cutter Group of Miles Laboratories, Berkeley, California BRIAN A. NAUGHTON • Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York JOHN C. NELSON • Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Val halla, New York A. WILHELM NEUMANN • Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Toron to, Toronto, Ontario, Ca na da SIGURD J. NORMANN • Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Uni versity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida MICHAEL C. POWANDA • Biochemistry Branch, U.S. Army Institute of Surgi cal Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Present address: Division of Cut aneous Hazards, Letterman Army Institute of Research, Presidio of San Francisco, California LAURENCE A. SHERMAN • Missouri/Illinois Regional Red Cross Blood Ser vices, St. Louis, Missouri CONTRIBUTORS vii CARLETON C. STEWART • Experimental Pathology Group, Los Alamos Na tional Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico GEOFFREY H. SUNSHINE • ICRF Tumour Immunology Unit, Department of Zoology, University College London, London, England. Present address: De partment of Surgery, Tufts University Veterinary School, Boston, Massachusetts T. J. C. VAN BERKEL • Department of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Eras mus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands CAREL J. VAN Oss • Immunochemistry Laboratory, Departments of Microbiol ogy and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York A. VAN TOL • Department of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Erasmus Uni versity Rotterdam, The Netherlands W. C. WISE • Department of Physiology, Medical University of South Car olina, Charleston, South Carolina Foreword This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells and molecular moieties derived from those cells which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as weIl as clinical areas including immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently heterogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as weIl as interactions among the cell types constitut ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as weIl as European and Japanese Reticuloendothe lial Societies. The assistance, cooperation, and great support from the editorial staff of Plenum Press are also valued greatly. It is hoped that this unique treatise, the first to offer a fully comprehensive treatment of our knowedge concerning the RES, will provide a unified framework for evaluating what is known and what still has to be investigated in this actively growing field. The various vol umes of this treatise provide extensive in-depth and integrated information on classical as weIl as experimental aspects of the RES. It is expected that these volumes will serve as a major reference for day-to-day examination of various subjects dealing with the RES from many different viewpoints. Herman Friedman Mario R. Escobar Sherwood M. Reichard IX Introduction The physiology of any body system-be it the cardiovascular, endocrine, body fluid, pulmonary, etc.-embraces three categories of functional analysis: 1. The fundamental mechanisms of the system. 2. The regulation of the mechanisms by either intrinsic or extrinsic influences. 3. The coordinated interactions of the system in the integration of total orga nismic functions. Thus, this treatise on the physiology of the reticuloendothelial system by definition will focus on the mechanisms, regulation, and integrative role of the body macrophage system. While the phagocytic or more properly endocytic functions-which for many years almost exclusively defined the RES-are given predominant atten tion, the current state of the growing body of knowledge on RES exocytosis, i.e., secretory functions of the macrophages, is thoroughly reviewed. The clinical physiology of the RES has also been included, since the applica tion of basic knowledge to the prevention of human disease is the goal of all biomedical investigation. The vast knowledge of the functions of the RES as influencing immune functions, host defense in infection, and neoplasia has been omitted, since these areas will be developed in other volumes of this treatise. Herman Friedman Mario R. Escobar Sherwood M. Reichard xi Preface This volume is divided into three sections: I, Fundamental Mechanisms and Regulation of Phagocytosis; 11, Regulatory Interactions with the Blood Elements; and III, Regulatory Interactions with Blood Metabolites and Constituents. The first three chapters of Section I develop the cellular physiology of phagocytosis-with special attention to surface forces (van Oss et al.), the fac tors governing phagocytic proliferation in cultures of macrophages (Stewart), and the available means of quantitation of macrophage phagocytosis in vitra (Gudewicz). The second set of three chapters in Section I is devoted to the mechanisms of phagocytosis in the vascular macrophages and deals with the fundamentals of the kinetics of vascular clearance (Normann), the intravascular phagocytosis of microorganisms (Moon), and the macrophage's role in endotox emia control (Gans). Seetion 11 deals with the interaction of the RES with the cellular blood elements and emphasizes macrophage functions in erythropoiesis (Naughton and Gordon), erythroclasia and bilirubin metabolism (Nelson et al.), hemostasis (Sherman and Kaplan), platelet activities (Kaplan and Moon), and leukocyte interaction (Feldmann et al.). Section III summarizes the current state of knowledge re gar ding RES involvement in the metabolie physiology and pathophysiology of glucose reg ulation (Filkins), lipid and lipoprotein metabolism (van Berkel et al.), protein metabolism (Powanda and Moyer), iron metabolism (Haurani and Ballas), and lead and cadmium interactions (Cook et al.). Volume A should provide the fundamental physiology and pathophysiology of the RES necessary to progress into the contents of Volume B: macrophage secretory functions and regulation, the clinical physiology of the RES, and integrative function of the RES. We are grateful to the authors who accepted the difficult task of summariz ing the state of knowledge in rapidly evolving areas of current investigation. Sherwood M. Reichard James P. Filkins xiii
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