Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes-2nd Edition

560 Pages·2012·5.77 MB·English

by  Australian Institute of Sport

Physiological Tests
for Elite Athletes
sEcond Edition
Rebecca K. Tanner and Christopher J. Gore
Editors
Australian Institute of Sport
the Australian institute of sport is the High Performance division of
the Australian sports commission.
Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Physiological tests for elite athletes / Rebecca K. Tanner and Christopher J. Gore, editors ; Australian Institute of Sport. -- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7360-9711-6 -- ISBN 0-7360-9711-2
I. Tanner, Rebecca K. II. Gore, Christopher John, 1959- III. Australian Institute of Sport.
[DNLM: 1. Physical Fitness--physiology. 2. Clinical Laboratory Techniques. 3. Exercise Test--methods. 4. Sports. QT 255]
612'.044088796--dc23
2012009494
ISBN-10: 0-7360-9711-2 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-9711-6 (print)
Copyright © 2013, 2000 by Australian Institute of Sport
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contEnts
contributors vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
introduction xii
PArt i Laboratory and Athlete Preparation 1
1 Quality Assurance in Exercise Physiology Laboratories 3
Evaluating Quality Assurance 4 • Australian Certification Model 5 •
Implementing Quality Assurance 7 • References 10
2 Pretest Environment and Athlete Preparation 11
Risk Management Processes 11 • Quality Assurance Considerations 13 •
Medical Screening 13 • Musculoskeletal Screening 14 • Informed Con-
sent 14 • Pretest Athlete Questionnaire 15 • Pretest Diet Consider-
ations 15 • Pretest Checklists 15 • References 17
3 Data Collection and Analysis 35
Data Capture and Storage 35 • Data Cleansing 35 • Data Transforma-
tion 36 • Analytical Approaches to Testing Athletes 36 • Measurement
Studies 37 • Presentation of Results 40 • References 42
PArt ii Testing Concepts and Athlete Monitoring 43
4 Ergometer-Based Maximal Neuromuscular Power 45
Muscular Power Output 45 • Maximal Power Output 45 • Peak Power
Output 46 • Maximal Neuromuscular Power 46 • Expected Test Scores and
Data Interpretation 53 • References 56
5 Anaerobic Capacity 59
Energy Systems 59 • Lactate and Fatigue 60 • Anaerobic ATP Produc-
tion 60 • Maximal Accumulated Oxygen Deficit 61 • References 74
iii
Contents
6 Blood Lactate Thresholds 77
Blood Lactate Testing Rationale 77 • Concepts and Controversies 79 •
Test Protocols 84 • Practical Applications 91 • References 96
.
7 Determination of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO max) 103
. 2
Theoretical Rationale 103 • Ergometers 104 • Vo test sys-
2
tems 108 • Volumetric and Gas Analysis Equipment 109 • General Proce-
dures 113 • Calculations 117 • References 121
8 Altitude Training 123
Classical Altitude Training 123 • Live High, Train Low 124 • Intermittent
Hypoxic Exposure and Training 124 • Using Hypoxia to Prepare for Com-
petition at Altitude 124 • Using Hypoxia to Prepare for Competition at Sea
Level 126 • Altitude and Illness 128 • References 128
9 Heat 131
Physiological Responses to Hot Environmental Conditions 131 • Perfor-
mance in the Heat 133 • Use of Heat and Humidity as a Training Interven-
tion 141 • Core Body Temperature Measurement Site 142 • Heat-Associ-
ated Illness 142 • References 143
10 Physiological Recovery 149
Compression Clothing 149 • Hydrotherapy 150 • Sleep 155 • Mas-
sage 156 • Stretching 158 • Active Recovery 159 • References 160
PArt iii Fundamental Assessment
Principles and Protocols 165
11 Assessment of Physique 167
Body Composition Models 168 • Air Displacement Plethysmogra-
phy 168 • Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry 169 • Bioelectrical Imped-
ance Analysis 171 • Surface Anthropometry 172 • Alternate Technolo-
gies 180 • Factors Influencing Reliability of Methods 180 • References 193
12 Testing and Training Agility 199
Factors Influencing Agility Performance 199 • Contemporary Definition of
Agility 199 • Agility Testing Protocols 201 • Individual Interpretation of
Tests 204 • Training Directions Based on Test Results 205 • References 205
13 Strength and Power Assessment Protocols 207
Relationship Between Strength and Power 207 • Strength and Power
Assessment Principles 208 • Strength, Power, and Functional Perfor-
mance 209 • References 226
14 Field Testing Principles and Protocols 231
Test Reliability 231 • Athlete Preparation 231 • Test Environ-
ment 232 • References 248
iv
Contents
15 Perceptual–Cognitive and Perceptual–Motor Contributions
to Elite Performance 249
Anticipating the Movement of an Opponent 249 • Recognizing Typical Pat-
terns of Play in Team Sports 252 • Possessing Superior Decision-Making
Skills 252 • Superior Anticipation of Event Probabilities 254 • Improved
Capacity to Dual Task 255 • Constructing and Implementing a Testing Bat-
tery 256 • Task Representation 257 • References 258
PART IV Physiological Protocols for the
Assessment of Athletes in Specific Sports 261
16 Australian Football Players 263
Athlete Preparation 263 • Test Environment 264 • References 272
17 Basketball Players 273
Athlete Preparation 274 • Test Environment 274 • References 286
18 Cricket Players 289
Athlete Preparation 290 • Test Environment 290 • References 297
19 High-Performance Cyclists 299
Track Cycling 300 • Road Cycling 300 • BMX 300 • Mountain
Bike 300 • Athlete Preparation 301 • Test Environment 302 •
References 322
20 Football (Soccer) Players 323
Athlete Preparation 323 • Test Environment 323 • References 330
21 Hockey Players 331
Athlete Preparation 332 • Test Environment 332 • References 340
22 Netball Players 341
Athlete Preparation 342 • Test Environment 342 • References 351
23 Rowers 353
Athlete Preparation 354 • Test Environment 354 • References 369
24 Rugby League Players 371
Athlete Preparation 371 • Test Environment 372 • References 378
25 Rugby Union Players 379
Athlete Preparation 379 • Test Environment 379 • References 396
26 Runners and Walkers 397
Athlete Preparation 397 • Test Environment 398 • References 409
v
Contents
27 Sailors 411
Athlete Preparation 412 • Test Environment 412 • References 419
28 Sprint Kayak Athletes 421
Athlete Preparation 422 • Test Environment 422 • References 433
29 Swimmers 435
Practical Applications of Physiological Testing 435 • Athlete Prepara-
tion 436 • Test Environment 437 • References 447
30 Tennis Players 449
Athlete Preparation 449 • Test Environment 450 • References 461
31 Triathletes 463
Establishing Guidelines for Quantifying Training and Racing 463 • Athlete Prep-
aration and Test Environment 463 • References 474
32 Indoor and Beach Volleyball Players 475
Indoor Volleyball 475 • Beach Volleyball 476 • Athlete Prepara-
tion 477 • Test Environment 477 • References 485
33 Water Polo Players 487
Athlete Preparation 487 • Test Environment 487 • References 497
Appendix 499
Index 542
About the Editors 546
About the Australian Institute of Sport 546
vi
CONTRIBUTORS
Michael Blackburn; Yachting Australia Markus J. Klusemann; Charles Sturt University; Aus-
Darrell L. Bonetti; Australian Institute of Sport tralian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia
Pitre Bourdon; South Australian Sports Institute; Hamilton Lee; Australian Institute of Sport
ASPIRE Academy of Sports Excellence Michael J. Marfell-Jones; International Society for the
Matt B. Brearley; Northern Territory Institute of Sport; Advancement of Kinanthropometry; Open Polytech-
National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre nic Kuratini Tuwhera
Nicola Bullock; Australian Institute of Sport David T. Martin; Australian Institute of Sport; Cycling
Australia
Darren J. Burgess; Liverpool Football Club
Michael R. McGuigan; New Zealand Academy of
Dale W. Chapman; Australian Institute of Sport
Sport, North Island
Sally A. Clark; Australian Institute of Sport
Clare L. Minahan; Griffith University
Stuart J. Cormack; Edith Cowan University; Faculty
John A. Mitchell; Australian Rugby Union
of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University,
Melbourne Paul G. Montgomery; Australian Institute of Sport;
St Kilda Football Club
Shaun D’Auria; Queensland Academy of Sport
Mark A. Osborne; Queensland Academy of Sport
Eric J. Drinkwater; Australian Institute of Sport;
Charles Sturt University Peter Peeling; Western Australian Institute of Sport;
University of Western Australia
Grant M. Duthie; Australian Institute of Sport; New-
castle Knights Rugby League Football Club Ted Polglaze; Western Australian Institute of Sport;
Australian Institute of Sport
Tammie R. Ebert; Australian Institute of Sport,
Cycling Australia Marc Portus, Cricket Australia; Praxis Sport Science
Pty Ltd
Damian Farrow; Australian Institute of Sport; Victoria
University David B. Pyne; Australian Institute of Sport
Kate L. Fuller; Australian Institute of Sport Marc J. Quod; Australian Institute of Sport;
GreenEDGE Professional Cycling Team
Tim J. Gabbett; Queensland Academy of Sport;
School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic Uni- Claire Rechichi; Western Australian Institute of Sport;
versity, Brisbane Australian Institute of Sport
Scott A. Gardner; Australian Institute of Sport; UK Machar Reid; Tennis Australia
Sport Anthony J. Rice; Australian Institute of Sport
Laura A. Garvican; Australian Institute of Sport Michael P. Riggs; South Australian Sports Institute;
Christopher J. Gore; Australian Institute of Sport South Australian Cricket Association
Daniel J. Green; Australian Institute of Sport Greg Rowsell; South Australian Sports Institute
John Gregory; Tasmanian Institute of Sport Philo U. Saunders; Australian Institute of Sport
Allan Hahn; Australian Institute of Sport Bernard Savage; Swimming Australia
Shona Halson; Australian Institute of Sport Jeremy M. Sheppard; Edith Cowan University; Aus-
tralian Volleyball Federation
Dean G. Higham; University of Canberra; Australian
Institute of Sport; Australian Rugby Union Narelle Sibte; Tennis Australia
Stuart Karppinen; Cricket Australia Gary Slater; Australian Institute of Sport; University
of the Sunshine Coast
Aaron Kellett; Cricket Australia; Tennis Australia
vii
contributors
Katie Slattery; New South Wales Institute of Sport Stephen Timms; Cricket Australia; Praxis Sport Sci-
Matt Spencer; Western Australian Institute of Sport; ence Pty Ltd
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Nicole E. Thomas; Australian Institute of Sport
Tom Stanef; South Australian Sports Institute Joanna Vaile; Australian Institute of Sport
Danielle Stefano; Victorian Institute of Sport Andrew Verdon; Yachting Australia
Frankie Tan; Western Australian Institute of Sport; David Whiteside; University of Western Australia;
Singapore Sports Council Tennis Australia
Rebecca K. Tanner; Australian Institute of Sport Sarah M. Woolford; South Australian Sports Institute
Kristie-Lee Taylor; Edith Cowan University; Australian
Institute of Sport; ACT Academy of Sport
viii
PREFACE
At the
Montreal Olympics (1976), Australia to testing, and approaches for data collection and
did not win a single gold medal, the first time since analysis.
1936. In an attempt to change this situation, the Aus- Part II, Testing Concepts and Athlete Monitoring
tralian government established a national system of (chapters 4-10), provides generalized test proce-
state-based sport institutes. Just how successful these dures for the determination of anaerobic capacity
institutes have been in raising the level of athletic and ergometer-based neuromuscular power. It also
performance in the country is suggested by the fact discusses concepts for the measurement of maximal
that Australia won 9, 16, 17, and 17 gold medals, aerobic power and blood lactate thresholds, includ-
respectively, at the 1996 (Atlanta), 2000 (Sydney), ing practical applications. Practical and applied
2004 (Athens), and 2008 Olympics (Beijing). Part guidelines for the use of altitude and hypoxic expo-
of this success can be traced to the development of sure and the preparation of athletes for competition
standardized test procedures and the collaboration in hot and humid environments are presented. The
of sport science staff from national sport institutes relatively new area of physiological recovery is dis-
to allow comparison of results among laboratories. cussed.
Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes, Second Edition, Part III, Fundamental Assessment Principles and
contains the most current of these standardized phys- Protocols (chapters 11-15), presents principles and
iological test procedures. Although other manuals protocols for commonly used athlete assessment
of test protocols are in print, they generally address tools. Protocols for the assessment of athlete phy-
tests relevant to gymnasium and health club clients sique, agility, and strength and power are provided,
or cardiac rehabilitation patients. This volume is as are protocols for field-based physiological assess-
unique in its focus on testing the elite athlete. If you ment. Consideration is given to perceptual and
work with elite athletes or are a student who aspires decision-making capacities of performance. These
to work with elite athletes, this manual will provide procedures are extensively cross-referenced to the
you with a comprehensive guide to the “how and sport-specific chapters in part IV (chapters 16-33).
why” of the principal physiological tests. The reader must keep this cross-referencing in mind,
Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes, Second Edi- because many chapters are not complete unless read
tion, provides test protocols for the physiological in conjunction with material elsewhere in the book.
assessment of elite athletes in 18 different sports For example, the measurement techniques for skin-
and includes the rationales and normative data for folds (assessment of physique), muscular strength
these protocols. Although the protocols are used in tests (strength and power assessment protocols), and
Australia, they were developed from an understand- field-based tests such as 20 m sprint and multistage
ing and scrutiny of international literature related to fitness test (field testing protocols) are referred to in
athlete assessment. As such, the extensive normative the relevant sport-specific chapters.
data for these tests provide excellent reference points Part IV, Physiological Protocols for the Assess-
for measuring elite athletes from any country. Read- ment of Athletes in Specific Sports (chapters 16-33),
ers will also find the reproducible forms for data provides specific test protocols for 18 sports. Many
collection and for preparticipation screening useful. of these sports are those in which Australia has had
international success—for example, basketball,
How This Book Is Organized cricket, cycling, hockey, netball, rowing, Rugby
Union, sailing, swimming, triathlon, and water polo.
The book is divided into four sections. Part I, Labo- Each chapter contains a rationale for the tests, lists of
ratory and Athlete Preparation (chapters 1-3), deals necessary equipment, and detailed test procedures.
with the often overlooked issue of quality assurance Where possible, normative data and reliability data
in the exercise laboratory, athlete preparation prior for each test are tabulated.
ix
Preface
What’s New in This Edition • Perceptual–Cognitive and Perceptual–Motor
Contributions to Elite Performance—discus-
Key to the overall content of Physiological Tests for sion of perceptual–cognitive and perceptual–
Elite Athletes, Second Edition, is the practical nature motor characteristics of sport performance
of all chapters. Content reflects key areas of exper- and identification of attributes that reliably
tise and strength in the Australian sport system and distinguish the elite performer
applied exercise physiology research. A number of
• Sport specific test protocols have also been
new chapters have been included, and normative
included for the sports of Australian Football,
data and reference material have been extensively
Rugby League, sprint kayak, and volleyball
updated. Some new chapters presented in the book
(indoor and beach).
include these:
The purpose of this book is to provide working
• Data Collection and Analysis—approaches
procedures for athletic testing that have a sound
for analyzing data from the physiological
theoretical basis and known precision. When tests
monitoring of individual athletes and groups
are carefully administered and have good precision,
of athletes in team sports
repeat tests are useful in tracking changes over time to
• Ergometer-Based Maximal Neuromuscular determine the effectiveness of a training intervention.
Power—practical definitions and test proce- The majority of chapters in this book were writ-
dures for ergometer-based maximal neuro- ten by sport scientists who spend every working day
muscular power tests with athletes as their sole focus. Often their work
• Altitude Training—practical methods for extends to 7 days a week, because that is the nature
using altitude and hypoxic exposure and their of elite sport. Most of the authors are not academics
potential effects on performance at altitude who theorize about what might help improve an
and at sea level athlete’s performance; rather, they interact closely
with coaches and athletes
• Heat—an overview of physiological responses
to optimize sporting suc-
to hot environmental conditions and guide-
cess. This book includes
lines for preparing athletes for competition
their collective insight and
in the heat
experience.
• Physiological Recovery—scientific basis of
various popular recovery strategies
x