PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOME CITRUS TREES AMIRA FAHMY ABD EL-AZIZ EL-WAKIL ...

15 Pages·2017·0.49 MB·English

PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOME CITRUS
TREES

By

AMIRA FAHMY ABD EL-AZIZ EL-WAKIL
B. Sc. Agric. Sci. (Horticulture), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 1996
M. Sc. Agric. Sci. (Plant Physiology), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 2008

THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

In

Agricultural Sciences
(Plant Physiology)

Department of Agricultural Botany
(Plant Physiology)
Faculty of Agriculture
Cairo University
EGYPT

2017
SUPERVISION SHEET

PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOME CITRUS
TREES

Ph.D. Thesis
In
Agricultural Sci. (Plant Physiology)

By

AMIRA FAHMY ABD EL-AZIZ EL-WAKIL

B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Horticulture), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 1996
M.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Plant Physiology), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 2008

SUPERVISION COMMITTEE

Dr. AHMED HUSSEIN HANAFY AHMED
Professor of Plant Physiology, Fac. Agric., Cairo University

Dr. MOHAMED RAMADAN ABOU-ELLA NESIEM
Professor of Plant Physiology, Fac. Agric., Cairo University

Dr. HESHAM ALI ALLAM
Head Research of Fruit Handling Department, Horticulture Research
Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza
Name of Candidate: Amira Fahmy Abd El-Aziz El-Wakil Degree: Ph.D.
Title of Thesis: Physiological studies on some Citrus trees
Supervisors: Dr. Ahmed Hussein Hanafy Ahmed
Dr. Mohamed Ramadan Abou-Ella Nesiem
Dr. Hesham Ali Allam
Department: Agricultural Botany Branch: Plant Physiology Section
Approval: / / 2017

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out during two successive seasons
of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 to study the effect of GA (20 and 30
3
ppm), some micronutrients, i.e. boric acid (100 and 200 ppm)
chelated zinc (62.5 and 125 ppm) and K-silicate (100 and 200
ppm)as well as chitosan (250 and 500 ppm) foliar applications on
growth, fruit yield and fruit quality as well as leaves and fruit
chemical compositions of “Washington” navel orange trees grown
at two different location i.e., El-Qalubia and El-Monufia
Governorates, Egypt.
After harvest, fruits were stored at 2°C and R.H. 85-90% for 45
days. The results indicated that GA , K-silicate and chitosan foliar
3
application treatments recorded a significant increase in some
vegetative growth, fruit set %, yield as well as fruit physical and
chemical characteristics, i.e. weight loss, firmness, color and juice
%. In addition, chemical composition of leaves, i.e. total sugars,
total free amino acids, total soluble phenols, total pectin and plant
hormone as well as chemical composition of fruits, i.e. T.S.S.%,
acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, total free amino acids, total
soluble phenols and mineral nutrients of leaves and fruits, i.e. N, P,
K, Ca, B, Zn and Si concentrations.
Generally, the results revealed that trees showed a significant
increase in all most previous characteristics with treated by GA , K-
3
silicate and chitosan foliar applications improved most of the
studied in fruit quality and reduced fruit weight loss during cold
storage at 2°C.

Key words: chitosan, GA , boric acid, chelated zinc, K-silicate,
3
“Washington” navel orange, fruit quality, yield,
pectin, growth characters.
تفسهفنا ِارٕخكد :حجرذلا ميكٕنا شيشؼنا ذبػ يًٓف ةزييأ :ةلاطلا نسا
حنإًنا راجشأ ضؼب يهػ تيجٕنٕيسف ثاسارد :حلاسرلا ىاونع
ذًحأ يفُح ٍيسح ذًحأ : روتكذلا : ىوفرشولا
ىيسَ لاؼنا ٕبأ ٌاضير ذًحي : روتكذلا
ولاػ ٗهػ واشْ : روتكذلا
٧١٠٢/ / :حجرذلا حنه خيرات ثابُنا ايجٕنٕيسف :عرف يػارشنا ثابُنا :نسق

يترعلا صلختسولا

ررجةشأ ًةلع )م٣١٢٤ – ٣١٢٣ م )م٣١٢٣ –٣١٢٢ ٌسةسمسلا ا ةلا ةساردلا هذه تٌرجا
درةسب ررجةشةا ةلسرلاس مةت مةٌح درةيحلا اةبل رةس ت سرةلاسرٌمرت ةساردل لةلذ م رةس مبا ارقتربلا
م ) مةٌلسلا ىةف ءزةج ٠٢٢ م ٠٢٢ لٌرمبلا ضسرح م ) مٌلسلا ىف ءزج ٠٢ م ٠٢ ٌلاربجلا
٠٢٢ م ٠٢٢ ممٌةةسرتمبلا تراٌلٌةةس درةةسب م ) مةةٌلسلا ىةةف ءزةةج٠٠٦ م ٧٠٢٦ ىةةبللاسلا لةةنزلا
دةةح ىةةلع اةةا ادرةةكس ) مةةٌلسلا ىةةف ءزةةج ٦٢٢ م ٠٦٢ ازمتٌةةشلاا درةةس م ) مةةٌلسلا ىةةف ءزةةج
ررةسملا دمةج م ىرسملا اميحسلا م مسنلا ىلع ( لسرلاس رٌغلا) امرتنالا لسرلاس ررجشة فرضلارب
ٌتكلتلاس ٌتعرزس ىف ٌسرنلا رس مبأ فني ارقتربلا ررسمل للذا م قارملأل ىمرسٌالا بٌارتلا م
ةلسرلاسلا ررةسملا ٌزةلات مةت درةيحلا دةلابم . ٌفمنسلا ظفرحسب ىرلاةام ٌبمٌلقلا ظفرحسب رسهادحا
. ممٌ ٥٦ دسل % ٠٢ – ٥٦ حمارتت ٌبسن بمطر فمرظ تحت م م°٠ رارح جرد ًلع
ازمتٌشلا مأ ممٌسرتمبلا تراٌلٌس مأ ٌلاربجلا درسب لسرلاسلا ررجشةا ا جئرتنلا ترهظأ دقل م
فرةضةرب اميحسلا م دقلالا بسن م ىرضلالا مسنلا تركي ضلاب ىف ٌمنلاسلا درٌزلا ىلا تدأ دل
م )رٌةيلالا بةسن م ٌمةلتلا ةجرد م ب ةيلا م زملرب دقكلا ررسملل ٌجملمٌسكلا تارٌغتلا ضلابل
ترٌراةسلا امس قارملأل ٌمضلالا ترنماسلل يمرسٌالا بٌارتلا ًف تارٌغتلا ضلاب ىلا تدأ للذا
ترةنمسرهلا م ىةلالا ٌةتابلا م ةٌلالا ةبئاذلا تلامةنٌكلا م ٌلالا رحلا ٌنٌسةا ضرسحةا م ٌلالا
ىةةلا تدأ للذةةام )لٌتٌةةسا امدةةنةا ضسرةةح – لٌةةسٌسبةا ضسرةةح – لةةللٌربجلا ضسرةةح ةةٌتربنلا
م ٌلالا بئاذلا بليلا دامسلا امس ررسملل ٌمضلالا ترنماسلل يمرسٌالا بٌارتلا ًف تارٌغتلا ضلاب
تلامةنٌكلا م ٌلالا رحلا ٌنٌسةا ضرسحةا م ٌلالا ترٌراسلا م لٌبرماسلاا ضسح م ضمسحلا
رمكةةسمكلا م ٌجمرةةتٌنلا رةةينع اةةمس ررةةسملا م قارملأةةل ةةٌندلاسلا رةةيرنلالا رةةضٌأ م ةةٌلالا ةةبئاذلا
. ماٌلٌسلا م مرمبلا م لنزلا م ممٌسلرالا م ممٌسرتمبلام
ازمتٌةشلا مأ ممٌةسرتمبلا تراٌلٌس مأ ٌلاربجلا درسب لسرلاسلا ررجشةا ا امقلا اسٌ رسمسعم
دمةةجب ةةيرلالا جئرةةتنلا اةةضفا تةةطعا دةةل ممةةٌ ٥٦ دةةسل )م°٠ رارةةح ةةجرد ًةةلع ٌزةةلاتلا دةةلاب
. سدلاتسسلا يرلالاا ت سرلاسلرب نررقسلرب ًلالا دقكلا س رادقس الأ م ررسملا

، ممٌسرتمبلا تراٌلٌس ، ىبللاسلا لنزلا ، لٌرمبلا ضسح ، ٌلاربجلا ، ازمتٌشلا : ةلادلا تاملكلا
.مسنلا تركي ، ٌتابلا ، اميحسلا ، ررسملا دمج ، رس مبأ ارقترب
حلاوولا راجشأ ضعت يلع حيجولويسف خاسارد

يه حهذقه حلاسر

ليكولا زيزعلا ذثع يوهف جريهأ
٠٩٩١ ، جرهاقلا حعهاج ، حعارزلا حيلك ، )ييتاست( حيعارزلا مولعلا سويرولاكت
٧١١٢ ، جرهاقلا حعهاج ، حعارزلا حيلك ، )خاثنلا ايجولويسف( حيعارزلا مولعلا ىف ريتسجاه

تجرد ٗهػ لٕصحهن

حفسلفلا هاروتكد

يف

حيعارزلا مولعلا
)خاثنلا ايجولويسف(

يعارزلا خاثنلا نـــــــسق
خاثنلا ايجولويسف عرف
حـــــعارزلا حــــــيلك
جرهاــقلا حــعهاـج
رـــــــــصه

٧١٠٢
INTRODUCTION
In Egypt, horticultural commodities are a major supplier to the
domestic market and account for a considerable amount of the total
agriculture exports. Citrus fruits are the backbone of fruit crop yield
and could be regulated as cash crop in Egypt. The total planted area of
citrus species and cultivars increased in the last few years to reach
about 160328 feddans, while the productive area is about 139757
feddans and producing nearly 1266249 tons*.
The planted area of navel orange trees in El-Qalubia and El-
Sadat are about 30748 and 18151 feddans, while the productive area
are about 29818 and 18050 feddans which are producing about 322511
and 176529tons*, respectively and the total exporting orange fruits is
about 877289tons,*(according to the latest statistics of Ministry of
Agriculture and Land Reclamation, E.A.S., 2014). The Washington
navel orange is the principal orange cultivar in Egypt and was
recommended as a variety of storage temperatures for citrus fruits, but
any recommendation is at best an approximation because storage is
affected by multiple pre and post-harvest factors such as climate,
cultural practices, time of harvest, postharvest handling and storage
conditions (temperature, relative humidity and atmosphere
composition). Productivity of citrus trees depends on many abiotic
(climate, soil, nutrition and irrigation management) and biotic
(rootstock, cultivar, insect pest and disease management) factors
(Iglesias et al., 2007).
* Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Economic Affairs Sector, 2014.

Climate changes may also change the types, frequencies, and
intensities of various crop and pests; the availability and timing of
irrigation water supplies; and the severity of soil erosion.
Sandy soils are poor in low macro and micronutrients. Plant
nutrient management could influence flowering, fruit set, fruit size, the
amount of vegetative growth and other plant characteristics in most
citrus fruit species.
For example, foliar application of Zn can improve citrus fruit
yield and quality and control the premature fruit drop (Ashraf et al.,
2012). Different workers suggested that application of suitable
combinations of plant growth regulators, macro and micronutrients can
control the excessive fruit drop and improves the yield and quality of
citrus fruits (Saleem et al., 2005). Therefore, effective supply of
nutrients and plant growth regulators is necessary to produce high
quality citrus fruits and control excessive citrus fruit drop which
involves selection of appropriate combinations of nutrients and plant
growth regulators, their rate, time and method of application.
Application of plant growth regulators is effective in reducing
the excessive premature fruit drop. The beneficial effects of spraying
GA and nutrient elements to achieve high yield production with high
3
fruit quality of navel orange (Abd-Allah, 2006).
The micro – nutrient boron plays as important role in growth
behavior and productivity of trees. It increases pollen grains
germination and pollen tube elongation, consequently fruit set
percentage and finally the yield (Garcia – Papi and Garcia – Martinez,
2003).
Silicon is a beneficial micronutrient, and deficiencies
significantly affect some plant health. There are numerous studies on
the use of silica amendments to control disease mechanically when
applied as a foliar spray. Potassium silicate is a source of highly
soluble potassium and silicon. It is used in agricultural production
systems primarily as a silica amendment, and has also benefit of
supplying small amounts of potassium. Potassium silicate offers
growers these performance benefits (resistance to mineral stress,
decreases climate stress, prevents insect damage from sucking insects,
reduces fungus damage by preventing fungus from penetrating leaf
surface, improves strength , increases growth and yield, reduces stress
from heavy metal toxicity in soils, control root knot and sting
nematodes, helps plants to resist toxicity from different minerals, aids
in resistance to drought by reducing water loss, improves leaf
erectness, reduce susceptibility to lodging in grasses, fights heat stress
and improves photosynthesis efficiency).The correct amount of silicon
levels in the plant tissue will increase tolerance of zinc deficiency
along with protection from excessive or toxic levels of phosphorus,
manganese, sodium and aluminum (Malhotra et al. , 2016).
Chitosan is a high – molecular weight cationic polysaccharide
produced by the deacetylation of chitin. The compound is non – toxic,
non – allergenic, edible, safe and able to induce host defence
responses, including the accumulation of phytoalexins (Reddy et al.,
2000), the deposition of cell wall materials (Benhamou et al., 1998)
and the lignifications of tissues (Lesney, 1989). Chitosan induces a
series of defence reactions correlated with enzymatic activities,
through production of glucanohydrolases, phenolic compounds and
synthesis of specific phytoalexins with antifungal activity. In addition,
it increased harvested yield, and due to its ability to form a semi
permeable coating, it extends the shelf life of treated fruit by
minimizing the rate of respiration and reducing water loss (Bautista –
Baños et al., 2005).
Therefore, the present study was conducted to control excessive
premature fruit drop, decreasing fruit set and improvement Washington
navel orange yield and quality growing under unsuitable climate
conditions by application of some micronutrients and plant growth
regulators.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This study was conducted in the two successive seasons (2011 -
2012) and (2012 -2013) on Washington Navel orange trees (Citrus
sinensis lin, Osbek) budded on Sour orange rootstock and grown in
two private citrus orchards, i.e. "El-Shawarby Horticulture orchared",
Agriculture Road at 11 km, El-Qaluobia Governorate, Egypt and the
second was "El-Shoruk Horticulture orchared", Cairo-Alex. Deseret
Road at 74 km, El-Monufia Governorate, Egypt.
In the first garden, Washington navel orange trees were about
20 years old grown on clay loamy soil at 5 x 5 m. Meanwhile, in the
second garden, Washington navel orange trees were about 11 years old
grown on sand loamy soil at 4 x 6 m.
This study aimed to improve fruit set and yield of Washington
navel orange trees through foliar application of some different safe pre-
harvest treatments. As well as preserve of fruit quality during cold
storage durations.
The present work included two experiments: The first experiment
included 9 treatments, i.e. control, 20 and 30 ppm GA , 100 and 200
3
ppm boric acid, 62.5 and 125 ppm chelated zinc as well as 100 and 200
ppm K O.4SiO . These treatments were applied twice at the full bloom
2 2
stage (at the third week of March) and the second time at the petal fall
stage (at the first week of April). The second experiment included 3
treatments, i.e. water containing 0.5 % acetic acid (control), 250 and
500 ppm chitosan. These treatments were applied as foliar spraying
twice at one month before the beginning of fruit color break (second
week of September) and the second at one month before harvest