Physiological Psychology PDF
Preview Physiological Psychology
Physiological Psychology The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Ecology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Developmental Biology Plant Biology Bioinformatics Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner, Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Forthcoming title Sports and Exercise Psychology Physiological Psychology H. Wagner Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Harrington Building, Preston, UK and K. Silber Psychology Department, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on-Trent, UK © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 85996 2033 Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK and 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001–2299, USA World Wide Web home page: www.bios.co.uk This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers is a member of the Taylor & Francis Group Distributed in the USA by Fulfilment Center Taylor & Francis 10650 Toebben Drive Independence, KY 41051, USA Toll Free Tel.: +1 800 634 7064; E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in Canada by Taylor & Francis 74 Rolark Drive Scarborough, Ontario M1R 4G2, Canada Toll Free Tel.: +1 877 226 2237; E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1264 332424; E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wagner, Hugh L. Physiological psychology / H. Wagner, K. Silber. p. cm. — (Instant notes) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-85996-203-3 1. Psychophysiology—Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Silber, Kevin, 1959– II. Title. III. Series: Instant notes series. QP360.W335 2004 612.8—dc22 2004003212 ISBN 0-203-48825-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59735-4 (Adobe eReader Format) Production Editors: Harriet Milles and Catherine Jones C ONTENTS Abbreviations vii Preface ix Section A – The science of physiological psychology A1 Psychology and biology 1 A2 Methods of research 7 Section B – Neural conduction and synaptic transmission B1 The components of the nervous system 11 B2 Transmission of the nerve impulse 14 B3 Synaptic transmission 21 Section C – The central nervous system C1 The anatomy of the central nervous system 25 C2 Localization of cortical function 34 C3 Hemispheric lateralization 37 C4 Brain damage and recovery 40 Section D – The peripheral nervous system D1 The somatic nervous system 43 D2 The autonomic nervous system 45 Section E – The endocrine system E1 Hormones and their action 49 E2 The pituitary gland 52 E3 The adrenal glands 55 E4 The pancreas 57 E5 The thyroid and parathyroid glands 59 E6 The gonads 61 E7 The other glands 63 Section F – Psychopharmacology F1 The principles of drug action 65 F2 Sites of drug action 67 F3 Psychoactive drugs 69 F4 Tolerance and dependence 74 Section G – Vision G1 The visual system 77 G2 Coding in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus 82 G3 Coding in the visual cortex 85 G4 Two visual systems 89 Section H – Audition H1 The auditory system 91 H2 Coding for pitch and timbre 96 H3 The localization of sound 98 Section I – Other senses I1 The somatosensory system 101 I2 Taste and smell: the chemical senses 107 vi Contents Section J – Movement J1 Muscles and reflexes 111 J2 Control of movement by the brain 115 Section K – Biological rhythms and sleep K1 The nature of sleep and dreams 119 K2 The functions of sleep 124 K3 Mechanisms of sleep and arousal 129 K4 Biological rhythms 133 K5 Disruptions of sleep and rhythms 137 Section L – Regulation of internal states L1 Homeostasis 141 L2 Thirst and drinking 145 Section M – Eating M1 Digestion, energy use and storage 151 M2 Physiological mechanisms in eating 155 M3 Dietary choice and psychological factors 160 M4 Weight control and its disorders 164 Section N – Reproductive behavior N1 Reproduction and sexual differentiation 169 N2 Hormonal control of sexual behavior 173 N3 Neural mechanisms in sexual behavior 178 N4 Parental behavior 181 Section O – Emotion O1 Peripheral factors in emotion 185 O2 Central mechanisms in emotion 190 O3 Emotional expression 195 O4 Aggression 199 O5 Stress and psychosomatic illness 204 Section P – Learning and memory P1 The nature of learning and memory 209 P2 Classical and instrumental conditioning 211 P3 Brain structures involved in memory 215 P4 The neural basis of learning and memory 217 P5 Amnesia 221 Section Q – Language Q1 Language and its disorders 225 Q2 The neural basis of language 230 Section R – Psychopathology R1 Schizophrenia 235 R2 Mood disorders 240 R3 Anxiety disorders 244 References 247 Further reading 257 Index 259 A BBREVIATIONS 5HT 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (serotonin) LH luteinizing hormone ACh acetylcholine LPN lateral parabrachial nucleus AChE acetylcholinesterase LSD lysergic acid diethylamide ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone LTP long-term potentiation ADH antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor AMH anti-Müllerian hormone MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine AN anorexia nervosa (ecstasy) ANS autonomic nervous system MP muramyl peptide BN bulimia nervosa MPA medial preoptic area BNST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis MPN median preoptic nucleus BRAC basic rest–activity cycle MPRF medial pontine reticular formation Ca2+ calcium ions MSG monosodium glutamate CAT scan computerized axial tomography Na+ sodium ions CCK cholecystokinin NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate (receptors) CNS central nervous system NPY neuropeptide Y CR conditioned response NST nucleus of the solitary tract CRF corticotropin releasing factor OVLT organum vasculosum of the lamina CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone terminalis CS conditioned stimulus PAG periaqueductal gray DMTN dorso-medial nucleus of the PET scan positron emission tomography thalamus PIH prolactin-release inhibiting DNA deoxyribonucleic acid hormone ED50 median effective dose POAH preoptic area and anterior EE expressed emotion hypothalamus EEG electroencephalogram/ PRH prolactin-releasing hormone electroencephalography PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential PVN paraventricular nucleus fMRI functional magnetic resonance RAS reticular activating system imaging REM sleep rapid eye movement sleep FSH follicle-stimulating hormone RSBD REM sleep behavior disorder GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid SAD seasonal affective disorder GAS general adaptation syndrome SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus GH growth hormone(somatotropin) SDN sexuallydimorphicnucleus GHB gamma-hydroxybutyrate SFO subfornical organ GI gastrointestinal SNRI selective norepinephrine reuptake GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone inhibitor GRH growth-hormone-releasing SSRI selective serotonin reuptake hormone (somatocrinin) inhibitor HSE Herpes simplex encephalitis SW sleep slow-wave sleep INAH-3 third interstitial nucleus of the TABP Type A behavior pattern anterior hypothalamus THC tetrahydrocannabinol IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potential TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone K+ potassium ions UCR unconditioned response LD50 median lethal dose UCS unconditioned stimulus LGN lateral geniculate nucleus VMH ventromedial hypothalamus LH lateral hypothalamus WKS Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome P REFACE Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. This study cannot be complete without considering the biological context in which behavior and mental processes occur. In the broadest sense, this means that we consider human beings to be the result of evolution. This book is particularly concerned with the physiological processes upon which all behavior and mental processes depend. This subject is known by various names, including physiological psychology, psychobiology, biological psychology, biological bases of behavior, physi- ology of behavior, and biopsychology. Our starting point is that we cannot hope to understand psychological phenomena fully without examining their physiological basis. Evolution implies continuity of anatomical structures and physiological processes with other species. This means that we can learn much by studying physiological processes in other species. This book is intended as a study guide or revision aid in physiological psychology. We present the key ideas and facts in this field of study in 18 sections, divided into a total of 63 topics. Each topic has a Key Notes panel which summarizes concisely the main points covered in the main text of the topic. The main text includes illustrations that are mostly simple line drawings. These are mainly limited to figures which will assist the student in under- standing the material, and which should be easy for the student to reproduce. Each topic stands alone, but, especially for later sections, understanding will be helped by referring back to earlier topics. For this reason we provide a list of related topics for each topic. The contents of the book have been selected on the basis of our experience of many years of teaching physiological psychology in universities in the UK. We have also considered the syllabus of courses taught both here and abroad. In the first part of the volume we concentrate on the underlying biological, anatomical and physiological structures and principles. Section A examines the biological background and methodology of physiological psychology. This includes con- sideration of genetics and evolution. It is worth emphasizing here an axiom that guides us and should guide the student. Anatomical structures and physiologi- cal processes are largely determined by genetics. This implies that, in turn, psy- chological processes are influenced by genes. However, it is impossible to say that behavior is caused by genes. Equally, we cannot say that behavior is caused by environmental factors. We reject both of these extremes of the nature–nurture debate in favor of a view that holds that behavior and mental processes result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The next four sections cover the ‘hardware’ on which behavior depends. Section B describes the components of the nervous system, and how informa- tion is transmitted along and between neurons. Section C provides an account of the basic anatomy and physiology of the body’s central ‘processor’: the central nervous system. This includes an overview of the effects of brain damage. This is followed in Section D by a description of one of the parallel effector systems: the peripheral nervous system. This has two main components: the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. The other effector system, the endocrine system, is covered in Section E. Here we look at the nature of hormones and how they act on different tissues, and look at the specific endocrine glands that are of
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