Physiological Optics

344 Pages·1980·9.467 MB·English

by  Professor Sami G. El Hage Ph. D., Professor Yves Le Grand Ph. D. (auth.)

Springer Series in Optical Sciences Volume 13
Edited by David L. MacAdam
Springer Series in Optical Sciences
Edited by David L. MacAdam
Editorial Board: J. M. Enoch D. L. MacAdam A. L. Schawlow T. Tamir
.
Solid-8tate Laser Engineering 13 Physiological Optics
By. W. Koechner By Y. Le Grand and S. G. ElHage
2 Table of Laser Lines in Gases and Vapon 14 Laser Crystals Physics and Properties
3rd Edition By A. A. Kaminskii
By R. Beck, W. Englisch, and K Giirs 15 X-Ray Spectroscopy
3 Tunable Lasen and Applications By B. K Agarwal
Editors: A. Mooradian, T. Jaeger, and 16 Holographic Interferometry
P. Stokseth From the Scope of Deformation Analysis of
4 Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy Opaque Bodies
By V. S. Letokhov and V. P. Chebotayev By W. Schumann and M. Dubas
5 Optics and Lasen 17 Nonfinear Optics ofFree Atoms and Molecules
An Engineering Physics Approach By D. C. Hanna, M.A. Yuratich, D. Cotter
ByM. Young 18 Holography in Medicine and Biology
6 Photoelectron Statistics Editor: G. von Bally
With Applications to Spectroscopy and 19 Color Theory and Its Application in Art and
Optical Communication Design
By B. Saleh By G. A. Agoston
7 Laser Spectroscopy Ill 20 Interferometry by Holography
Editors: J. L. Hall and J. L. Carlsten By Yu. I. Ostrovsky, M. M. Butusov,
8 Frontiers in Visual Science G. V. Ostrovskaya
Editors: S. J. Cool and E. J. Smith Ill 21 Laser Spectroscopy IV
9 High-Power Lasen and Applications Editors: H. Walther, K W. Rothe
2nd Printing 22 Lasen in Photomedicine and Photobiology
Editors: K·L. Kompa and H. Walther Editors: R. Pratesi and C. A. Sacchi
10 Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation 23 Vertebrate Photoreceptor Optics
2nd Printing Editors: J. M. Enoch and F. L. Tobey, Jr.
By R. H. Kingston 24 Optical Fiber Systems and Their Components
11 Matrix Theory of Photoelasticity An Introduction
By P. S. Theocaris and E. E. Gdoutos By A. B. R. Sharma, S. J. Halme,
12 TheMouteCarloMethodinAtmosphericOptics and M. M. Butusov
ByG.I.Marchuk,G.A.Mikhailov, 25 High Peak Power Ndi: Glass Laser Systems
M.A.Nazaraliev,R.A.Darbinian,B.A.Kargin, By D. C. Brown
and B. S. Elepov
Y. LeGrand S.G. ElHage
Physiological Optics
With 118 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1980
Professor SAMI G. EL HAGE, Ph. D.
Eye Care Associates, 6060 Richmond Avenue, Suite 222
Houston, TX 77057, USA
Professor YvEs LE GRAND, Ph. D.
Director Du Museeum, 57 Rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France
Editorial Board
JAY M. ENOCH, Ph. D.
Department of Ophthalmology,
J. Hillis Miller Health Center
University of Florida, P.O. Box 733
Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
DAVID L. MAcADAM, Ph. D.
68 Hammond Street,
Rochester, NY 14615, USA
ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW, Ph. D.
Department of Physics, Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
THEODOR TAMIR, Ph. D.
981 East Lawn Drive,
Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA
ISBN 978-3-662-13501-3 ISBN 978-3-540-39053-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-39053-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. LeGrand, Yves, 1908-Physiological optics. (Springer
series in optical sciences ; v. 13) Translation of La dioptrique de l'oeil et sa correction, published as
v. 1 of the author's Optique physiologique. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Optics, Physiological.
I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Eye-Physiology. WW103 L517p] QP475.IA713 617.7 80-13805
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©by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1980
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1980
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
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2153/3130-543210
Foreword
This book is a translation by Professor Sami El Hage of Volume I of Le
Grand's three-volume treatise on physiological optics. It is the last of the three
volumes to be translated into English. Le Grand's second volume was
translated into English by Hunt, Walsh and Hunt and published in 1957 under
the title Light, Colour and Vision. His third volume was translated into English
by Millodot and Heath in 1966 and published under the title Form and Space
Vision.
Although Le Grand's three volumes have been compared to the three
volumes of Helmholtz, it is important to note that Le Grand has distributed
differently the topics in his three volumes. This book is a mixture of the
tradition established by Helmholtz and followed by Tscherning and Sheard
with the tradition originated by Danders and followed by Landolt and
Laurance and others. Helmholtz's first volume was concerned with the image
forming structure of the eye, almost without reference to practical problems of
examining patients and fitting them with glasses. It dealt with the problems of a
single eye.
Le Grand's Volume I follows more closely the approach adopted by
Danders. It is ideally adapted to the needs of a student trying to understand the
refractive errors of the eye and their correction with spectacle lenses. The
discussions of chromatic and spherical aberration, such as are found in volume
I of Helmholtz and in Tscherning's book, are not of prime importance in
considering refractive errors. Le Grand shifted them to his to Volume III.
Ophthalmologists and optometrists have to be concerned with the motility of
the eyes as well as the refraction and accommodation of the eyes.
Consequently, a treatment of the motility of the eyes is included in this volume,
and the relations between the movements of the two eyes. Finally, LeGrand
covered the relations between accommodation and convergence. Devices and
procedures used for examination of the eyes are also discussed.
Although this book may be regarded as a handbook for those concerned
with correction of refractive errors and anomalies of motility and accommoda
tion, it also presents the facts of visual science that relate to the optics and the
motility of the eye in a way that will hold the attention of and reward those who
are approaching the problems from this point of view.
LeGrand and the translator, who is a former assistant toLe Grand, have
both added accounts of the latest techniques of diagnosis and treatment to the
material that was translated from the French edition. References to recent
literature on the subject have also been added.
VI Foreword
The section on basic optics is intended as a foundation for handling
problems which arise later in the book, but many of the derivations are
different and simpler than those found in similar treatments in other books.
Teachers and scholars will find these treatments fascinating even though they
are familiar with the basic problems.
This book along with Form and Space Vision and Light, Colour and Vision
will be revered as classics in visual science. We are grateful to Professors Le
Grand and ElHage for this English edition of Volume I.
Columbus, Ohio GLENNA. FRY
August, 1980
Preface to the English Edition
The French version of the present volume was originally written in 1945 as a
textbook for the students of the Institute of Optics in Paris. The aim was to give
them a description of the eye and of the correction of ametropia. Thirteen
years later, two editions were out of print, and for the third I made numerous
changes and additions. It is this third French edition which has been translated,
but as it was twelve years old, it was necessary to update it. All my thanks to my
friend Professor Sami El Hage, who worked long ago in my Paris laboratory in
the field of physiological optics, for checking the translation and writing the
necessary additions.
Paris, France YVES LEGRAND
August 1980
Translator's Preface
Professor Le Grand has written many books on vision, but the landmark of his
work is his three volumes on physiological optics. His second volume,
published in 1948, was translated in 1957 under the title Light, Colour, and
Vision. The third volume, published in Paris in 1956 under the title L'espace
visuel, was translated in 1966 under the title Form and Space Vision. This
translation of Volume 1 completes LeGrand's work on physiological optics. It
is hoped that students, scientists, and practitioners will find this edition very
helpful. I wish to thank Drs. Jan Bergmanson, William Townsend, Lorance
Harwood, Gilbert Nicolaon, Louis Godio, and Melvin Kalich for advice and
help during the course of this work.
Houston, Texas SAMIELHAGE
March 1980
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Fundamental Hypotheses . 2
1.2 Meaning ofthe Indices . . . . 3
1.3 Spherical Surface . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Paraxial Approximation . . . 6
1.5 Lagrange-HelmhdltzRelation 8
1.6 Centered System . . · . . 9
1. 7 Principal Points . . . . . 9
1.8 Nodal Points . . . . . . 11
1.9 Relation of Conjugation 11
1.10 ProximitiesandPower . 13
1.11 Another Definition of Power 15
1.12 FormulasofEffectivity . . . 15
1.13 Combination of Two Systems . 16
1.14 Afocal Systems . . 18
1.15 SingleLenses . . . 18
1.16 Frontal Notations . 19
1.17 Thin Lenses . . . . 22
2. Description of the Human Eye 25
2.1 Shape of the Eye . . . 25
2.2 Various Structures of the Eye . 26
2.3 Ways to Study the Eye 27
2.4 The Sclera . . . 28
2.5 The Cornea . . . 29
2.6 Corneal Limbus . 31
2.7 TheChoroid . . 31
2.8 The Ciliary Body 32
2.9 The Iris . . . . . 33
2.10 The Retina . . . 35
2.11 TheAqueousHumor . 37
2.12 The Vitreous Body . . 38
2.13 Crystalline Lens. . . . 39
2.14 The Capsule . . . . . 40
2.15 Zonules(orLigamentofZinn) 41
3. The Dimensions of the Eye . . . . 43
3.1 Dispersion of the Results . 43
3.2 MethodsofMeasurement. 44