Physiological Ecology of Tunas

512 Pages·1979·11.473 MB·English

by  G.D. Sharp, A.E. Dizon

The Physiological Ecology
of Tunas
Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction
Proceedings of the Tuna Physiology Workshop held at the National
Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Center at La JoDa,
California, January 10-15, 1977
The Physiological Ecology
of Tunas
Edited by
Gary D. Sharp
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, California
Andrew E. Dizon
National Marine Fisheries Service Honolulu Laboratory
Honolulu, Hawaii
ACADEMIC PRESS NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO LONDON 1978
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Tuna Physiology Workshop, Southwest Fisheries Center, 1977.
The physiological ecology of tunas.
Proceedings of the Tuna Physiology Workshop held at the
National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Center at La
Jolla, Calif., Jan. 10-15, 1977, and cosponsored by the Center,
Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, and the Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission.
Bibliography: p.
1. Tuna—Physiology—Congresses. 2. Bioenergetics—
Congresses. 3. Body temperature—Regulation—
Congresses. 4. Fishes—Physiology-
Congresses. I. Sharp, Gary D. II. Dizon, Andrew E.
III. Southwest Fisheries Center. IV. Hubbs-Sea World
Research Institute. V. Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission. VI. Title.
QL638.S35T85 1977 597'.58 78-26514
ISBN 0-12-639180-7
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
78 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors ix
Foreword xi
Preface xiv
Color Plates
XV
Chapter 1 The Tunas 1
I. Introduction 3
II. Adaptations and Systematics of the Mackerels and
Tunas Bruce B. Collette 7
III. The Distribution of Red and White Swimming Muscles,
Their Biochemistry, and the Biochemical Phylogeny of
Selected Scombrid Fishes Gary D. Sharp and Suellen W.
Pirages 41
Chapter 2 The Cardiovascular and Respiratory System 79
I. Introduction 81
II. Ram Gill Ventilation in Fish John L. Roberts 83
III. Functional Cardiac Morphology and Biochemistry in
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Bruno Tota 89
IV. Comparative Morphology of the Central Heat
Exchangers in the Skipjacks Katsuwonus and
Euthynnus Jeffrey B. Graham and Douglas R. Diener 113
V. Estimates of Blood Volume in the Albacore Tuna
R. Michael Laurs, Richard J. Ulevitch, and David C.
Morrison 135
V
vi Contents
VI. Activity of Albacore Serum Complement Reflects Its
Thermoregulatory Capacity David C. Morrison, R.
Michael Laurs, and Richard J. Ulevitch 141
Chapter 3 The Intermediary Metabolism, Biochemistry, and
Swimming Muscle Ultrastructure of Tunas 151
I. The Tuna Power Plant and Furnace Peter W.
Hochachka, William C. Hulbert, and Michael Guppy 153
II. Skipjack Tuna White Muscle: A Blueprint for the
Integration of Aerobic and Anaerobic Carbohydrate
Metabolism Michael Guppy and Peter W. Hochachka 175
III. Myotomal Muscle Fiber Types in Scomber and
Katsuwonus Quentin Bone 183
Chapter 4 Thermal Biology of the Tunas 207
I. A Historical Introduction to the Study of Warm-Bodied
Tuna E. Don Stevens 209
II. The Relation between Heat Generation, Conservation,
and the Swimming Energetics of Tunas Gary D. Sharp
and William J. Vlymen III 213
III. Correlations between Environment, Physiology, and
Activity and the Effects on Thermoregulation in
Skipjack Tuna Andrew E. Dizon, Richard W. Brill,
and Heeny S. H. Yuen 233
IV. Body Surface and Gill Heat Loss Rates in Restrained
Skipjack Tuna Richard W. Brill, Duane L. Guernsey,
and E. Don Stevens 261
V. Temperature Effects on Speeds of Muscle Contraction
and Stasis Metabolic Rate Richard W. Brill 277
Chapter 5 Hydrodynamics and Hydromechanics 285
I. Introduction 287
Contents vii
II. Estimation of Minimum Sustained Speed and
Associated Body Drag of Scombrids John J.
Magnuson and David Weininger 293
III. A Comparative Mechanophysiological Study of Fish
Locomotion with Implications for Tuna-Like Swimming
Mode Theodore Y. Wu and George T. Yates 313
Chapter 6 The Energetics of Tunas 339
I. Introduction 341
II. Fat Deposition and Utilization in Albacore Ronald C.
Dotson 343
III. Bioenergetic Spectra of Skipjack and Yellowfin
Tunas James F. Kitchell, William H. Neill, Andrew E.
Dizon, and John J. Magnuson 357
IV. Preliminary Models of Annual Life History Cycles of
the North Atlantic Bluefln Tuna Luis R. Rivas 369
Chapter 7 The Practical Application of Tuna Physiology Studies 395
I. Behavioral and Physiological Properties of Tuna and
Their Effects on Vulnerability to Fishing Gear Gary
D. Sharp 397
II. Perspectives: The Past, Present, and Future of Tuna
Physiology Andrew E. Dizon and Gary D. Sharp 451
References 459
This page intentionally left blank
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which authors’ contributions begin.
Quentin Bone (183), Marine Biological Association of the United King­
dom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, England
Richard W. Brill (233, 261, 277), Department of Physiology, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96812
Bruce B. Collette (7), National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics
Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
20560
Douglas R. Diener (113), Marine Ecological Consultants, P.O. Box 985,
Del Mar, California 92014
Andrew E. Dizon (233, 357, 451), National Marine Fisheries Service Hon­
olulu Laboratory, P.O. Box 3830, Honolulu, Hawaii 96812
Ronald C. Dotson (343), National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest
Fisheries Center, P.O. Box 271, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla,
California 92037
Jeffrey B. Graham* (113), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, De­
partment of Zoology, San Diego State University, San Diego,
California 92015
Duane L. Guernsey (261), Department of Physiology, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96812
Michael Guppy (153, 175), Department of Zoology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T1W5
Peter W. Hochachka (153, 175), Department of Zoology, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T1W5
William C. Hulbert (153), Department of Zoology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T1W5
James F. Kitchell (357), Laboratory of Limnology, University of Wiscon­
sin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
*Present address: M.R.C. Fish Program, 533 Stevens Avenue, Solana Beach, Califor­
nia 92075.
ix