Physiological basis of aging and geriatrics PDF
Preview Physiological basis of aging and geriatrics
Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics Fourth Edition Edited by Paola S. Timiras University of California Berkeley, California, USA CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130725 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-0709-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medi- cal science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface The publication of the fourth edition of Physiological Basis of presentsa synopsisofpharmacologic,nutritional,regenerative, AgingandGeriatricscomesataparticularlyopportunetime.The and assistive interventions that promote successful aging and lengtheningoflifeexpectancyatbirthandinoldage,whichbegan longevity. Using physiology as its unifying concept, the fourth in the twentieth century, has reached both industrialized and, edition contains concise, explicit explanations and numerous increasingly,developingcountries.Currently,individualsaged80 comprehensive tables and graphs. Clinical correlations are yearsandolderappeartobethefastestgrowingsegmentofthe included as a practical reference for the geriatrician and as a human population, and centenarians, once rarely seen, are guidetonormalagingforthegerontologist. much more frequently encountered. Understandably, these Comparable books on aging target a professional and/or demographic changes are being accompanied by a new way academicreadership;here,thegoalistoofferinformationthat ofthinkingaboutaging. will be useful to a broad spectrum of readers from different In the early twentieth century, the study ofaging focused biologicalandeducationalbackgrounds.Webelieveitwillnot primarily on biomedical models of pathology, that is, how to only meet the needs of those preparing for a career in diagnose the diseases and chronic disabilities afflicting the gerontology or geriatrics or interested in aging as a specific elderly, and how best to treat them. It is safe to say that most topic in biological sciences, but also of older persons them- scientists studying aging before the l980s regarded aging as a selves, along with their families and caretakers, who seek to risingwallofmortality.Sincethen,however,duetoamultiplicity better understand the aging-related changes and to gain new offactors,socialaswellasmedical,wehavewitnessedamajor insightsaboutthisstageoflife. effort among researchers to reinterpret aging as a normal, When the elderly are viewed through the eye of the healthy, and even positive feature of the life span. Although clinician,theemphasisisontheneedforassessing,managing, agingmaymakeolderadultsmoresusceptibletodisease,most andreducingriskfactors.Equallyimportant,aswebegintosee retainsufficientplasticityandregenerativecapabilitytoensure aging in a new light, is strengthening physiologic competence functionalcompetence,whichmaydeterminehowsuccessfully, and devising appropriate interventions aimed at improving ifnothowlong,agingpopulationsmaylive.Aswenowview quality-of-life. The concept of “continuity through change” is them,aginganddeath,muchlikedevelopmentandmaturation, fundamental to all biological processes. As individuals and entail numerous, complex interactions that have encouraged society itself age, continuity of prior events may provide “a researcherstoturntheirattention tothe physiological basisof usablepast”thatcanserveuswellinshapingfuturefunctions. aging as well as the genetic and environmental factors that Indeed, in a 1972 book, Developmental Physiology and Aging, alternately enhance and impair functional competence at (Timiras)identitywasshowntobeasdynamicaprocessamong molecular,cellular,andorganismiclevels. theelderlyasitisintheyoung.Slowingorotherwisemitigating Chapters are grouped into three main parts: In Part I, the effects of old age by strengthening physiological compe- GeneralPerspectives,agingisviewedasanindividual’s“journey tence throughout life does not deny the inevitability of death, taking place in a community setting.” It describes the but it does deny the inevitability of disability, disease, and demographic,epidemiologic,andcomparativeaspectsofaging despair. In this first quarter of a new century, we have every anddiscussesmolecularandcellularaspectsofaginginrelation reason to rejoice in the vigorous declaration of the nineteenth to several theories of aging, thus providing a comprehensive centuryEnglishpoet,RobertBrowning’s,“Growoldalongwith profileofaginginindividualsandpopulations.PartII,Systemic me/Thebestisyettobe/Thelastoflifeforwhichthefirstwas and Organismic Aging, surveys the aging of body systems, made/Growoldnorbeafraid!” focusingonmaintenanceofoptimalfunctioningandadaptation toenvironmentaldemands.PartIII,PreventionandRehabilitation, PaolaS.Timiras Acknowledgments Ihavebeengreatlyencouragedinpreparingthisfourthedition processing, editing, and formulation of the many tables that by the participation of several of the collaborators of the first, effectivelyintegratethediverseinformation. second, and third editions and by the equal enthusiasm and I thank the editing team of Informa Healthcare and The expertise of the first-time co-authors. All have willingly Egerton Group for their vigilance about the progress of the accepted the task of reviewing, updating, or preparing anew book and its many drafts. In particular, I would like to thank theirrespectivechaptersorsectionswithinstringentdeadlines. Sherri Niziolek, Sandra Beberman, Chris DiBiase, and Ginny Tothem,Ioffermymostheartfeltthanksforanextraordinarily Faber. well-accomplishedperformance. Finally,Iwouldliketorecognizethesilentencouragement Special thanks to Dr. S. Oklund for the many drawings, of the many hundreds of students who have taken, over the whicheffectivelyillustrate andintegrate thecomplex material years, my class, “Physiology of the Aging Process.” By their presented. enrollment in the class, interest in the subject matter, their Ialsowishtothankmyassistants,IreneThungandBrian criticism or praise, they have inspired me to continually Bui, who competently prepared the manuscripts according to improve,streamline,andupdatethecoursematerial,aprocess the specifications of the publisher and dealt with the word whichhasresultedinthesubsequenteditionsofthisbook. Contents Preface iii Acknowledgments v Contributors ix PartI GeneralPerspectives 1. OldAgeasaStageofLife:CommonTermsRelatedtoAgingandMethodsUsedtoStudyAging 3 PaolaS.Timiras 2. HumanLongevityinHistoricalPerspective 11 JohnR.Wilmoth 3. ComparativeAging,GeriatricFunctionalAssessment,AgingandDisease 23 PaolaS.Timiras 4. CellularSenescence,CellDeath,andTransgenicMouseModelsofAging 41 JudithCampisi 5. TheoriesofLifeSpanandAging 55 JamesR.CareyandSigeZou PartII SystemicandOrganismicAging 6. TheNervousSystem:Structural,Biochemical,Metabolic,andCirculatoryChanges 71 PaolaS.TimirasandGabeJ.Maletta 7. TheNervousSystem:FunctionalChangeswithAging 89 PaolaS.TimirasandGabeJ.Maletta 8. SensorySystems:NormalAging,Disorders,andTreatmentsofVisionandHearinginHumans 109 EsmailMeisami,ChesterM.Brown,andHenryF.Emerle 9. TheAdrenalsandPituitary—Stress,Adaptation,andLongevity 137 PaolaS.TimirasandOmerGersten 10. FemaleReproductiveAgingandMenopause 159 FrancisBellino 11. TheEnsembleMaleHypothalamo-Pituitary-GonadalAxis 185 JohannesD.Veldhuis,DanielM.Keenan,AliIranmanesh,PaulY.Takahashi,andAjayNehra 12. TheThyroid,Parathyroid,andPinealGlands 205 PaolaS.Timiras 13. TheEndocrinePancreas,Obesity,andDiffuseEndocrineandChemicalMediators 219 PaolaS.Timiras 14. TheImmuneSystem 231 LiaGinaldiandHalSternberg 15. CardiovascularAlterationswithAging:AtherosclerosisandCoronaryHeartDisease 249 PaolaS.Timiras 16. Lipids,Lipoproteins,andAtherosclerosis 265 JohnK.BielickiandTrudyM.Forte
The list of books you might like
