Physiological arousal response to differing musical genres

13 Pages·2017·12.35 MB·English

MMooddeerrnn PPssyycchhoollooggiiccaall SSttuuddiieess
Volume 20 Number 1 Article 4
2014
PPhhyyssiioollooggiiccaall aarroouussaall rreessppoonnssee ttoo ddiiffffeerriinngg mmuussiiccaall ggeennrreess
Ericka Kelley
Ball State University
Gabrielle Andrick
Ball State University
Fayelin Benzenbower
Ball State University
Marlene Devia
Ball State University
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/mps
Part of the Psychology Commons
RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn
Kelley, Ericka; Andrick, Gabrielle; Benzenbower, Fayelin; and Devia, Marlene (2014) "Physiological arousal
response to differing musical genres," Modern Psychological Studies: Vol. 20 : No. 1 , Article 4.
Available at: https://scholar.utc.edu/mps/vol20/iss1/4
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. I 25-33
Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres
Ericka Kelley, Gabrielle Andrick, Fayelin Benzenbower, Marlenne Devia, and Leah Cook
Ball State University
Abstract
Music is a complex medium that has social, psychological, and physiological implications.
Music elicits early emotional responses (arousal) in the sympathetic nervous system, that later
become consciously recognized emotions. We investigated how music genre effects physiological
arousal by measuring participant skin conductance level (SCL). Physiological responses of 19
participants (3 male, mean age 23 years) were recorded by way of the iWorx 214
Psychophysiology Teaching Kit. The stimuli were four different genres of music: classical,
Dubstep, Celtic, and big band (swing). Stimuli were presented to participants in one of four
counterbalanced blocks. Participants' highest SCL matched their reported genre preference
31.57% of the time. Contrary to our hypothesis, participants did not have a higher SCL for their
preferred music, leading us to hypothesize that people habituate to their musical preference. The
most significant result was that participants were able to accurately describe their emotional
arousal to a musical stimulus. Thus, participants were able to recognize their physiological
reaction to musical genres.
Key words: music, emotion, sympathetic response, psychophysiology, neuroscience, skin
conductance level (SCL)
electrodermal activity (EDA) (Dawson,
Introduction Schell & Filion, 2007). Autonomic
brainstem responses regulate heart rate,
Music is a highly regarded art form and blood pressure, skin conductance, pulse,
a defining cultural phenomenon that body temperature and muscle tension
individuals use to experience, communicate, (Chanda & Levitin, 2013). All of these
and express emotional states. Music is also responses are stimulated by music. Due to
known to evoke an emotional response that this, measurements of EDA are useful in
can be associated with physiological arousal observing autonomic responses. When
(Olsen & Stevens, 2013). Based on past and acetylcholine is released by the sympathetic
present research, arousal is defined as an nervous system, a rapid fluctuation in sweat
early emotional response. The present study gland activity occurs, which allows the
seeks to examine physiological arousal in measurement of EDA. Emotions are brief
response to differing musical genres through and event related, making EDA an ideal
the measurement of skin conductance level study tool (Khalfa, Peretz, Blondin, &
(SCL). Specifically, the purpose of the Manon, 2002). If musical genre preferences
present study is to determine if musical affect arousal to certain genres, then self-
preferences affect the amount of perceived levels of arousal should correlate
physiological arousal experienced by a with musical preferences.
participant while listening to musical
stimuli. SCL relies on passing an electrical Music and Emotion
current across the skin. It is through the
vascular theory that activity on the sweat According to Damasio (2000), emotions
glands was proven to be critical for are complex collections of organized
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. 125-35
chemical and neural responses to specific schemas (Coutinho & Cangelosi). Further
external or internal stimuli. Potential neural computations are involved when
external events of relevance are then extracting features of music; this gives rise
signaled to the organism through these to higher order musical dimensions (e.g.
emotional responses that lead to key, meter, and harmony), intervals, and
circumstances that may be advantageous to regularities within musical structure
the organism's survival (Damasip, 2000). (Coutinho & Cangelosi). This higher order
Once emotion occurs there are three subsets is part of how patterns form within musical
of interrelated responses; subjective feelings structures; these patterns are what allow
(conscious feeling of emotion), behavioral participants to recognize and anticipate
changes (postures, facial expressions, etc.), acoustics within a song. Additionally, these
and physiological responses (changes in the patterns and dimensions are how complexity
somatic and autonomic nervous systems, is created within a musical piece.
e.g. breathing, heart rate, or perspiration)
(Coutinho & Cangelosi, 2011). Besides Physiological Arousal to Music
emotional parameters, cognitive and cultural
parameters play a role in musical preference Studies that use SCL (i.e., electrical
and arousal (Schafer & Sedlmeier, 2010). conductance aided by sweat), have shown
When examining cognitive functioning, low level intensity stimuli are needed to
music is associated with expressing one's provide a measurable difference in
identity and personal values, gaining sympathetic nervous system response.
important information, or establishing However, more intense stimuli tend to
contact with others (Schafer & Sedlmeier, produce more arousal in the peripheral
2010). Cultural and lifestyle components nervous system (Rickard, 2004; McConnell
affect musical arousal as well: an individual & Shore, 2011; Dillmon Carpentier &
who listens to music associated with their Potter, 2007). Thus, a musical piece with
personal culture or lifestyle is likely to find more intensity should elicit more skin
the music more arousing than someone who conductivity. Dean, Bailes, and Schubert
does not listen to that type of music (North (2011) found volume and intensity index to
& Hargreaves, 2007). Familiarity is key be a stronger indicator of arousal for
when dealing with musical arousal and there participants than the musical selection itself.
is little in the literature on the topic of This study depended on self-report for
exposure to music. If habituation to a arousal level and did not take a
musical preference occurs due to physiological measure of arousal.
overexposure to the genre, then listening to Participants were continually asked to rate a
novel musical selections should provide a piece of music or tone during listening. The
more intense physiological reaction. researchers did not control for the tempo,
beat, or rhythmic speed of the musical
The structure of music is also of selections nor did the goal of their research
importance when dealing with arousal encompass taking into account the genre of
levels. According to Coutinho and Cangelosi music preferred by the participants.
(2011), the most distinct results pertain to
basic variables such as loudness, tempo, Rickard (2004) found skin conductance
timbre, and pitch. Our brains continuously to be a truer indicator of emotions rather
organize dimensions of psychoacoustic than methods such as self-report.
features (basic music variables) according to Furthermore, Rickard's data revealed that
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. I 25-35
musically induced emotions are just as relaxing music was music the participants
strong as any other emotion. The were allowed to choose and bring in for
sympathetic nervous system, which themselves.(cid:9) After participants were
responds in emotional situations (preparing assigned, they were told that they would
for action), is activated during music have to complete a mentally challenging and
listening. Therefore, the arousal induced stressful task. Results showed that the
from music can be measured like most other music conditions were more arousing than
emotional arousal. Rickard also found that the silence.(cid:9) Although music was less
likeability of a piece of music does not relaxing than the silence condition, out of all
always increase arousal in participants three of the musical selections the personal
(2004). Most participants who listened to preference was most relaxing due to
soothing music did not experience increase familiarity.
in skin conductance nor chills of the skin. So
affiliation with a piece of music does not Schafer and Sedlmeier (2010) conducted
necessarily elicit a stronger sympathetic a study on 53 students from a German
response. However, Labbe' et al. (2007) university. Over half of participants played
found self-selected music and classical an instrument while a large portion had sung
music to be soothing and mitigated in a choir (Schafer & Sedlmeier, 2010). Six
sympathetic responses to stress. In this different items were used to test for musical
paradigm, participants were asked to preference and because Schafer and
complete a cognitive speed test in which Sedlmeier were interested in the variables of
they were instructed to answer as quickly preference, participants were to listen to six
and correctly as possible. After the test was different musical genres (Schafer &
over, participants could either listen to Sedlmeie, 2010). The six songs were chosen
music (self-selected or classical) or silence. based on a survey given to local radio
Participants who were able to choose the stations; all songs were well known.
music had the most significant decrease in Participants were asked to bring along a
anxiety levels. Researchers attribute this favorite musical piece that would then be
result to participant's feelings of control added to the experimental collection.
after said control was taken from them Participants listened to segments of all seven
during the test. songs through headphones (Schafer &
Sedlmeier, 2010). The results of the Schafer
Burns et al. (2002) also studied genre and Sedlmeier study show that the
effect on physiological arousal. In their participants rated their favorite piece of
experiment, they also observed tempo's music over the other genres, while rock and
effect on arousal. Similar to the studies of pop ranked second and third on the list
Dillman Carpentier and Potter (2007), Burns (Schafer & Sedlmeier, 2010). In conclusion,
et al. (2002) hypothesized that slower, self-reflection and communication may be
relaxed music would elicit lower key in understanding why an individual may
physiological arousal and faster, up-tempo develop preference for a song, especially if
music would elicit higher physiological the individual assigns a specific meaning to
arousal as measured through skin a particular musical piece (Schafer &
conductance response and heart rate. The 60 Sedlmeier, 2010; North & Hargreaves,
participants were assigned to the classical 2007).
group, hard rock group, relaxing music
group, or the control group of silence. The
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. I 25-35
Though a considerable amount of selected based on how strong the elements
research has been done on musical of the drum and bass were and also how
preference and arousal response, to the best well those elements came together to create
of our knowledge there have been no studies a piece that sounded complex. Additionally,
that test SCL on unfamiliar musical stimuli. we knew everyone had most likely been
This article is a first step in making an exposed to classical music and that piece
empirically sound model to test hypotheses was selected based on the tempo, popularity
and gain understanding of arousal response and classical instruments such as violins and
to musical stimuli. The present study aims to cellos. In the Schafer and Sedlmeier study,
collect data based on physiological arousal participants rated their favorite song higher
to differing musical genres. Three of the than the other six songs selected (Schafer &
musical genres (Celtic, Swing, and Sedlmeier, 2010). Perhaps participants rated
Classical) were chosen for lack of popularity their favorite song higher than the other
based on our mean age of participants, while selections due to finding the song
Dubstep was chosen to see if more emotionally arousing. Participants in the
mainstream music would increase arousal current study may rate certain genres higher
response. During a data collection, a than others because it is associated with or
manipulation check insured participants reminds them of a favored genre; thus
indicated being unfamiliar with the four increasing arousal ratings. While an increase
musical pieces. Additionally, each piece was in arousal rating is expected to occur when
chosen based on lack of familiarity. It is musical stimuli are associated with a favored
anticipated that higher arousal states will be genre, Dub Step should elicit a higher
found in participants who regularly listen to arousal rating for the majority of participants
Dub step, Celtic, Classical or Swing music, due to perceived level of complexity. An
depending on musical preference. All increased arousal rating is also expected due
selected stimuli have similar tempos and to participant age as Dub Step is a
none of them use verbiage. We selected contemporary form of music to which
musical stimuli without verbiage to ensure college students may be regularly exposed.
the arousal response was not elicited by the
context (verbiage) of the song. To our The view of these authors is based off
knowledge, this is the first study examining correlational relationships from other
SCL to music that controls for tempo, empirical studies, physiological responses
intensity, complexity and lack of verbiage or and musical preferences. In particular, we
context. Each song was chosen based on argue that music without verbiage will
how well we could control for tempo, evoke an arousal (early onset of emotion)
intensity, complexity and lack of verbiage. response when participants favor a particular
Songs were also chosen based on how well genre of music. Note that in the current
their sound embodied their genre. For study we are not concerned with labeling the
example, when we chose our Celtic piece, emotional response, but rather the intensity
we screened songs that varied in melody and to which the response occurs. Participants
had traditional instruments, such as bag are likely to be most aroused by Dub Step
pipes. Big band pieces were screened to be musical stimuli due to familiarity of the
sure they had the elements of a traditional genre, as opposed to Classical, Celtic or
Jazz ensemble (i.e. saxophones, trumpets, Swing music.
piano, electric or acoustic bass guitar and a
rhythmic section). The dubstep piece was
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. I 25-35
Musical stimuli have been screened and undetectable by participants, is pain free and
chosen without bias of popularity. This safe. As a self-report measure, participants
study will operate based on musical genre indicated on a 7-point Likert scale the level
preference and the arousal response of arousal they experienced for each 30
associated with that preference. Preference, second clip. The scores on these scales were
cognitive, emotional and cultural parameters tested for correlations to SCL measures.
will be considered when discussing results.
Procedure. Participants read and signed
Methods the informed consent form. Participants
were asked to fill out a short survey about
Participants(cid:9) and(cid:9) recruitment. basic musical preference and age and were
Nineteen students (3 male; mean age 23 prepared for initial data collection.
years) were recruited from an undergraduate Participants were asked to wash their hands
Psychology Research Seminar class at a with the same soap and water and dry their
large Midwestern University in the Fall hands to ensure proper skin conductance
2013 semester. No participants reported level (SCL) readings. Musical stimuli were
being hard of hearing and therefore no presented to participants in a counter-
participants were excluded for hearing balanced format (ABCD, BCDA, CDAB,
deficits. This research was approved through DABC). Note that each participant heard the
the Ball State Institutional Review Board for same four songs but were subject to the
the protection of human participants. songs being played in a different order. To
establish arousal baselines, participants
Stimuli and Apparati. Musical selections focused on a black screen with a grey
included, "String Quartet No. 4 C minor crosshair for 5 minutes without any auditory
Allegro" - Beethoven (classical selection) stimulation. The same screen stayed present
tempo = 138 BPM, "Drop the Bass" - Urban when the musical selections were played.
Assault (Dubstep selection) tempo = 140, Each musical clip was presented for 30
"An Irish Party in Third Class" - Gaelic seconds with a 10 second interval between
Storm (Celtic selection) tempo = 146 BPM, each. Participants indicated, on a 7-point
"This Could Be the Start of Something Big" Likert Scale, their self-perceived level of
- Count Basie (Big Band/Swing Selection) physiological arousal during the ten second
tempo = 140 BPM (Beethoven, 1801; Ames, silence. After listening to the paradigm, each
2012; Gerston, 1998; Allen, 1956). SCL participant indicated their familiarity of the
was recorded using the iWorx 214 song by circling yes or no on the survey.
Psychophysiology Teaching Kit (iWorx
System). The paradigm was programmed Statistical Analysis. All SCL measures
using Windows Live Movie Maker for musical selections were baseline
(Microsoft Windows). Participants filled out corrected using SCL response during the
a short demographic survey prior to initial five minute silence. LabScribe2
recording. SCL readings were acquired (iWorx Systems, Inc.) software was used to
using reusable electrodes that were attached extract baseline measures as well as an
to participants' non-dominant middle and average response for each music clip. The
index fingers with Velcro collars. A minute average response for each clip was then
electrical current was passed between the subtracted from the baseline to gain an
two electrodes in order to measure skin overall measure of arousal difference from
resistance.(cid:9) The(cid:9) electrical(cid:9) current, baseline for each musical genre. After
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. 125-35
baseline correction, preference scores on the higher arousal levels for music in which
7-point Likert Scale were correlated with they normally listened. These findings
corresponding musical SCL measures with a suggest the majority of participants (nearly
Correlation Coefficient (Pearson-R). A one- 2/3) had habituated to their preferred
way ANOVA for musical-genre (Celtic, musical taste, and therefore, are less
Classical, Dubstep and Big Band) was then responsive to familiar music. In compliance
performed to gauge the effects on SCL. A with our other hypothesis, differing arousal
one-way ANOVA for musical genre on levels via SCL were observed in each genre,
behavioral reports of perceived arousal to although not significant. Notably, however,
the genre was also performed. Dubstep had the highest arousal levels.
Results Importantly, analysis and comparison of
SCL data and a behavioral survey indicated
A one-way ANOVA of genre (Classical, that participants were able to accurately
Dubstep, Celtic, Big Band) revealed no main describe their emotional arousal to a musical
effects. A one-way analysis of variance of stimulus, which could be the reason behind
self-reported arousal levels showed perspiration. Participants were able to
marginally significant differences, F(3, recognize their physiological reaction to
2.647) = 19.421, p < .058 in participant's musical genres. In a clinical setting, music
perceptual(cid:9) experience(cid:9) of (cid:9) being therapy may help a client recognize their
physiologically aroused. Post hoc pairwise stimulation level and provide an example of
comparison revealed Big Band and Dubstep heightened arousal states. Training a client
were significantly different (p < .05) in the to recognize their state of arousal through an
self-report task. Of most interest, enjoyable medium, such as music, may be a
examination of the means indicate that self- novel approach to anxiety treatment.
reported arousal levels roughly emulated the Additionally, music could be used to train
pattern of participant SCL responses (refer clients on how to recognize their
to Figures 1 and 2). Self-reported musical physiological arousal to certain situations
preference matched participants' highest which may allow clients to learn how to
SCL 31.57% of the time. cognitively respond and control their
emotional responses. For example, a client
Discussion who presents with persistent and seemingly
uncontrollable anxiety could be trained to
The current study was conducted to test pair a particular musical stimulus and
physiological arousal responses to differing grounding techniques, such a breathing, to
musical stimuli (Celtic, Classical, Big Band, help control the anxiety. So, when the client
and Dubstep). The aim of this research was becomes anxious, they may remember the
to observe higher physiological arousal musical stimulus and pattern of breathing
states(cid:9) in(cid:9) musical(cid:9) selections(cid:9) in attached to their anxiety and then they can
correspondence with participant preference. assess the situation to respond properly.
While participant arousal levels were not
always indicative of similar musical Strengths and Limitations
preference, participants' highest SCL
matched their reported genre preference Young adults, particularly college
31.57% of the time. Contrary to our students, dedicate a large amount of time to
hypothesis, most participants did not have music. Coutinho and Cangelosi (2011)
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MPS I Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. I 25-35
found the most distinct results pertain to have a more holistic encoding process that
variables such as loudness, tempo, timbre helps facilitate recognition. Additionally,
and pitch. However, the current study is music heightens arousal in patients with
unique in that loudness (volume), tempo Alzheimer's disease which could allow for
(intensity) and complexity were all better attention and improved memory
controlled to ensure that each musical (Simmons-Stern, Budson, & Ally, 2010).
stimulus did not yield an increased arousal Due to the findings of the current study,
response. The current study also eliminated future research may also focus on providing
verbiage from all musical stimuli. It should insight at decreasing arousal levels which
also be noted that the current research took could be beneficial to those who suffer from
participant preference into consideration anxiety disorders, pain disorders or when
when examining the arousal response. dealing with children and the elderly.
The results of the current study provide Additionally, future studies may include
insight into musical preferences of the repeating the current experiment with an
college population but may not be older and more culturally diverse population
generalizable to the public, especially an to test whether their arousal responses
older generation. Variability in race, sex and mimic those of a younger generation. The
age was limited in the participant pool and implications for the physiological response
should be accounted for in future research to to music are far reaching. Music therapy has
increase generalizability. been included in therapies since the
formation of modern psychology and has
Future Research been studied in correlation with stimulation
and behavior as early as 1926 (Diserens,
Implications of the current study are of 1926). Relaxing music has been shown to
importance to the psychological community reduce feelings of anxiety and increase
in regards to music and memory. Regardless feelings of relaxation (Stoudenmire, 1975).
of intensity and likability, music is As Dementia and other age related
stimulating, and approximately 70% of our neurological disorders grow rapidly, a
sample had a larger SCL response to their greater understanding of the potential for
non-preferred musical genre. This suggests music therapy in the elderly is emerging.
playing a musical stimulus that a patient Patients with symptoms of Alzheimer's
does not regularly listen to may be disease, stroke, and other age related
therapeutic in certain contexts. Moreover, diseases often show increased level of
the aforementioned and future research anxiety, psychotic episodes, aggressive
implications could be beneficial when tendencies, decreased affect, and depression
dealing with Alzheimer's patients; would more so than in normal elderly populations
introducing a new musical stimulus present (Pocnet et al, 2013; Van der Mussele et al,
with more physiological arousal? And would 2013). Yet studies testing the physiological
the increased physiological arousal be able response and benefits of different musical
to influence memory retrieval? While some genres in elderly populations are limited.
might be concerned that arousal is a
negative aspect of Alzheimer's, there is
research which suggests otherwise.
Simmons-Stern, Budson and Ally (2010)
found those with Alzheimer's disease may
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MPS 1Physiological Arousal Response to Differing Musical Genres I Kelley et al. I 25-35
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