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Lecture Notes in Physics EditorialBoard R.Beig,Wien,Austria J.Ehlers,Potsdam,Germany U.Frisch,Nice,France K.Hepp,Zu¨rich,Switzerland W.Hillebrandt,Garching,Germany D.Imboden,Zu¨rich,Switzerland R.L.Jaffe,Cambridge,MA,USA R.Kippenhahn,Go¨ttingen,Germany R.Lipowsky,Golm,Germany H.v.Lo¨hneysen,Karlsruhe,Germany I.Ojima,Kyoto,Japan H.A.Weidenmu¨ller,Heidelberg,Germany J.Wess,Mu¨nchen,Germany J.Zittartz,Ko¨ln,Germany 3 Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Barcelona HongKong London Milan Paris Tokyo EditorialPolicy TheseriesLectureNotesinPhysics(LNP),foundedin1969,reportsnewdevelopmentsin physicsresearchandteaching--quickly,informallybutwithahighquality.Manuscripts to be considered for publication are topical volumes consisting of a limited number of contributions,carefullyeditedandcloselyrelatedtoeachother.Eachcontributionshould containatleastpartlyoriginalandpreviouslyunpublishedmaterial,bewritteninaclear, pedagogical style and aimed at a broader readership, especially graduate students and nonspecialistresearcherswishingtofamiliarizethemselveswiththetopicconcerned.For thisreason,traditionalproceedingscannotbeconsideredforthisseriesthoughvolumes toappearinthisseriesareoftenbasedonmaterialpresentedatconferences,workshops and schools (in exceptional cases the original papers and/or those not included in the printedbookmaybeaddedonanaccompanyingCDROM,togetherwiththeabstracts of posters and other material suitable for publication, e.g. large tables, colour pictures, programcodes,etc.). 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OnlineVersion/LNPHomepage LNPhomepage(listofavailabletitles,aimsandscope,editorialcontactsetc.): http://www.springer.de/phys/books/lnpp/ LNPonline(abstracts,full-texts,subscriptionsetc.): http://link.springer.de/series/lnpp/ D. Blaschke N.K. Glendenning A. Sedrakian (Eds.) Physics of Neutron Star Interiors 1 3 Editors DavidBlaschke ArmenSedrakian FachbereichPhysik InstitutdePhysiqueNuclaire Universita¨tRostock GroupedePhysiqueTheorique 18051Rostock,Deutschland 15,rueGeorgesClemenceau 91406OrsayCedex,France NormanK.Glendenning InstituteforNuclear andParticleAstrophysics NuclearScienceDivision LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLab. Berkeley,CA94720,USA CoverPicture:seefigure7,page350,contributionbyH.-Th.Jankainthisvolume DieDeutscheBibliothek-CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Physicsofneutronstarinteriors/D.Blaschke...(ed.).-Berlin; Heidelberg;NewYork;Barcelona;HongKong;London;Milan;Paris; Tokyo:Springer,2001 (Lecturenotesinphysics;578) (Physicsandastronomyonlinelibrary) ISBN3-540-42340-0 ISSN0075-8450 ISBN3-540-42340-0Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustra- tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonly undertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrent version,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violations areliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork amemberofBertelsmannSpringerScience+BusinessMediaGmbH http://www.springer.de (cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2001 PrintedinGermany Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybytheauthors/editors Camera-dataconversionbySteingraeberSatztechnikGmbHHeidelberg Coverdesign:design&production,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:10845224 54/3141/du-543210 Preface The theory of neutron stars, which along with white dwarfs and black holes form the family of astrophysical compact objects, involves an intimate interplay betweendiversebranchesoftheoreticalphysics.Itcoversarangefromthetheory of microscopic nuclear forces to general relativistic gravity, from the particle physics of the radiation of light and neutrinos to the low-temperature physics of superfluids, from the solid-state physics of highly compressed matter to the atomicphysicsinultra-highmagneticfields.Hardlyinanyotherphysicalcontext do all the forces of nature – the electroweak, strong, and gravitational – emerge as equally important ingredients in the physical picture. It is this diversity of fieldsandtheuniquenessoftheirinterplaythatmakesthestudyofneutronstars both exciting and challenging. The idea of neutron stars has it roots in the 1930s when it was realized that self-gravitating matter can support itself against gravitational contraction by the degeneracy pressure of fermions obeying the Pauli principle. Thus, unlike ordinary stars, which are stabilized by their thermal pressure, neutron stars owe their very existence to the quantum nature of matter. When this idea was combined with the newly developed theory of general relativity neutron stars were born – in theory. It was not until 1967, when the remarkable discovery of pulsarsbyJ.BellandA.Hewishgaveasecondbirthtoneutronstars,thattheir observational studies became a reality. Thepastfourdecadeshaveseenadramaticincreaseinthetheoreticalactivity inthisfield.Manyfactorshavecontributedtotheprogress.Ontheobservational front the discoveries of neutron stars in X-ray binaries, millisecond pulsars, bi- narypulsars,andhighlymagnetizedneutronstars(magnetars)haveopenednew channels of information on these objects. Then, too, the exploration of the nature of interactions among the strongly and weakly interacting constituents of matteratterrestrialacceleratorsimpactedonourconceptionofsuperdensemat- ter, its strangeness content, the quark degrees of freedom, phase transitions and reactions involving neutrinos. Another factor is the increase in computational capabilities. This book is a collection of lectures given at the ECT∗ (European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas) in June and July 2000 and covers the theory of neutron star interiors at the forefront of active research.Itincludesreviewsofthetraditionalmaterial(e.g.theequationofstate of superdense matter, the thermal evolution) and, as well, it contains lectures VI Preface on new issues, for example the recent developments in QCD at finite density, and the possible astrophysical manifestations of the QCD deconfinement phase transition. The choice of topics included in this book was selective. Clearly it is not possible to cover all the current problems of neutron star theory in a single volume; we have provided a list of monographs on the subject for further reference. Naturally enough, the level of presentation throughout the book is uneven; nevertheless, these pedagogical lectures are intermediate between what can be found in the standard texts on the subject and the current research literature;theyshouldbeausefulguidetothosewhowishtoenterthefieldand to those who are actively working in the field. Acknowledgements The editors of this volume express their appreciation for thesupportandfacilitiesoftheECT∗atTrento,Italy,andtoitsformerDirector, Rudi Malfliet, for his hearty encouragement of the workshop in the summer of 2000 from which this volume was conceived. Rostock, Berkeley, Paris David Blaschke January 2001 Norman K. Glendenning Armen Sedrakian Contents Microscopic Theory of the Nuclear Equation of State and Neutron Star Structure Marcello Baldo, Fiorella Burgio...................................... 1 Superfluidity in Neutron Star Matter Umberto Lombardo, Hans-Josef Schulze ............................... 30 Relativistic Superfluid Models for Rotating Neutron Stars Brandon Carter.................................................... 54 The Tensor Virial Method and Its Applications to Self-Gravitating Superfluids Armen Sedrakian, Ira Wasserman ................................... 97 Neutron Star Crusts Pawe*l Haensel..................................................... 127 Kaon Condensation in Neutron Stars Angels Ramos, Ju¨rgen Schaffner-Bielich, Jochen Wambach .............. 175 Phases of QCD at High Baryon Density Thomas Scha¨fer, Edward Shuryak.................................... 203 Diquarks in Dense Matter Marten B. Hecht, Craig D. Roberts, Sebastian M. Schmidt .............. 218 Color Superconductivity in Compact Stars Mark Alford, Jeffrey A. Bowers, Krishna Rajagopal .................... 235 Strange Quark Stars: Structural Properties and Possible Signatures for Their Existence Ignazio Bombaci ................................................... 253 Phase Diagram for Spinning and Accreting Neutron Stars David Blaschke, Hovik Grigorian, Gevorg Poghosyan ................... 285 Signal of Quark Deconfinement in Millisecond Pulsars and Reconfinement in Accreting X-ray Neutron Stars Norman K. Glendenning, Fridolin Weber ............................. 305 VIII Contents Supernova Explosions and Neutron Star Formation Hans-Thomas Janka, Konstantinos Kifonidis, Markus Rampp ........... 333 Evolution of a Neutron Star from Its Birth to Old Age Madappa Prakash, James M. Lattimer, Jose A. Pons, Andrew W. Steiner, Sanjay Reddy...................................................... 364 Neutron Star Kicks and Asymmetric Supernovae Dong Lai ......................................................... 424 Spin and Magnetism in Old Neutron Stars Monica Colpi, Andrea Possenti, Serge Popov, Fabio Pizzolato............ 440 Neutrino Cooling of Neutron Stars: Medium Effects Dmitri N. Voskresensky............................................. 467 Books for Further Study......................................... 503 Index............................................................ 505 List of Contributors Mark Alford 95129 Catania, Italy DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy [email protected] University of Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom Brandon Carter [email protected] CNRS Observatoire de Paris - Meudon Marcello Baldo 92195 Meudon, France INFN, Sezione di Catania [email protected] Corso Italia 57 95129 Catania, Italy Monica Colpi [email protected] Universita’ di Milano Department of Physics G. Occhialini David Blaschke Via Celoria 16 Fachbereich Physik, 20133 Milano, Italy Universita¨t Rostock [email protected] Universita¨tsplatz 3 18051 Rostock, Germany Norman K. Glendenning [email protected] Nuclear Science Division and Institute for Nuclear and Particle Ignazio Bombaci Astrophysics Universita’ di Pisa Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Laboratory Dipartimento di Fisica and University of California INFN Sezione di Pisa Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Via Buonarroti 2 [email protected] 56127 Pisa, Italy [email protected] Hovik Grigorian Yerevan State University Jeffrey A. Bowers Alex Manoogyan 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 375025, Yerevan, Armenia 77 Massachusetts Ave. [email protected] Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [email protected] Pawel Haensel Copernicus Astronomical Center Fiorella Burgio Bartycka 18 INFN Sezione di Catania 00-716 Warszawa, Poland 57 Corso Italia [email protected] X List of Contributors M.B. Hecht Gevorg S. Poghosyan Physics Division Yerevan State University Argonne National Laboratory Alex Manoogian 1 Argonne, IL 60439-4843, USA 375025 Yerevan, Armenia [email protected] [email protected] Hans-Thomas Janka Jose A. Pons MPI fu¨r Astrophysik DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 State University of New York 85740 Garching, Germany Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA [email protected] [email protected] Konstantinos Kifonidis Sergei B. Popov MPI fu¨r Astrophysik Moscow State University Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 Universitetskii pr. 13 D-85740 Garching, Germany 119899 Moscow, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Dong Lai Andrea Possenti Cornell University Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna Space Sciences Building Via Ranzani 1 Ithaca, NY 14853 USA 40127, Bologna, Italy [email protected] l [email protected] James Lattimer Madappa Prakash DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy State University of New York State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA [email protected] [email protected] Umberto Lombardo Dipartimento di Fisica Krishna Rajagopal Universita di Catania and Massachusetts Institute of Technology INFN-LNS 77 Massachusetts Ave. 57 Corso Italia Cambridge, MA 02139 USA 95129 Catania, Italy [email protected] [email protected] Angels Ramos Fabio Pizzolato University of Barcelona Universita’ degli Studi di Milano Departament E.C.M. Dipartimento di Astrofisica Facultat de Fisica Via Celoria 16 Av. Diagonal 647 20133, Milano, Italy 08028-Barcelona, Spain [email protected] [email protected]