Physics of Biological Membranes PDF
Preview Physics of Biological Membranes
Patricia Bassereau · Pierre Sens Editors Physics of Biological Membranes Physics of Biological Membranes Patricia Bassereau • Pierre Sens Editors Physics of Biological Membranes 123 Editors PatriciaBassereau PierreSens PhysicoChimieCurie(UMRCNRS168) PhysicoChimieCurie(UMRCNRS168) InstitutCurie InstitutCurie Paris,France Paris,France ISBN978-3-030-00628-0 ISBN978-3-030-00630-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00630-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964272 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Insearchingforoptimalboundariestoseparatelivingcellsfromtheirenvironment and to compartmentalize eukaryotic cells into regions of different properties, evolution has selected a design that appears universal: a bilayer made of lipid molecules. This design has physical properties that are particularly advantageous fortheversatileboundaryofahighlydynamicalsystemthatisinconstantexchange with its environment. Lipid bilayers spontaneously self-assemble, owing to the amphiphilic nature of the lipids, and are rather impermeable to ions and large macromolecules. At physiological temperatures, they are fluid and deformable, allowingforlargeshapechanges,andtheyareabletoundergofusionandscission without leakage. According to the fluid mosaic model of Singer and Nicholson (1972),the lipid bilayer providesthe membranewith fluidity and elasticity, while most of the biological functions are performed by membrane-associatedproteins. Since then our view of biomembranes has greatly evolved, and lipids themselves are now known to actively participate in many biological functions, either by directedinteractionwithothercellularcomponentsorbyprovidingparticularmicro- environmentsfortheproperfunctioningofproteins. Lipidmembraneswithfairlywell-controlledcompositionsandmechanicalstates can easily be produced in vitro. As two-dimensionalfluid objects, they constitute fascinatingstructuresforphysicists,experimentalists,andtheoristsalike.Theworld offluidmembraneshasbeenaparticularlyproductivemeetingplaceforphysicists and biologists. Much knowledge about the interactions between membranes and proteins,andthelarge-scalemechanicsofbiomembranes,hasemergedfromthese multidisciplinaryinteractions, which has improvedour understandingof a variety of membrane-related physiological processes. This development has been made possible by efforts from both communities to find a common language required to share fundamental concepts from both fields. By combining the physical and biologicalpointofviewsonbiomembranes,thelandmarkhandbookStructureand Dynamics of Membranes, edited by R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann in 1995, has beenparticularlyinfluentialindevelopingthiscommonlanguage. This book follows the same spirit of interdisciplinarity. It aims to provide the reader with state-of-the-art overviews of contemporary subjects that have v vi Preface emerged over the last twenty years in the biological physics of biomembranes by combining theoretical and experimentalaspects together with general point of views from leading biologists. The direct exchanges and collaborations between biologists and physicists have clearly improved in the past two decades. There is now a new generation of scientists who feel at ease with concepts both from physics and biology, and an increasing number of young scientists trained in physics who are pursuing careers in cell and developmental biology labs. With this book, we seek to provide this interdisciplinary community with a broad overviewofourcurrentknowledgeofthephysicsofbiologicalmembranes.Wealso wish to show that interactions between physicists and biologists constitute a true exchange.Theimprovedawarenessofphysicistsaboutthebiologicalcontextwithin whichbiologicalmembranesoperatehasgreatlybroadenedthescopeofbiological problems that are being studied from a physics point of view and has improved the impact such studies can have on the biologicalcommunity.On the other side, manybiologistsnowintegratebasic physicalconcepts,such as membranetension andspontaneouscurvatureintheirunderstandingofbiologicalsituations.Biologists arealsoincreasinglyacknowledgingtherelevanceofinvitroreconstitutedsystems to the study of the molecularcouplingsbetween membraneand proteinsand how thisleadstolarge-scaleproteinself-organizationandmembranereshaping.Inmany of these topics, experimental progress, both in vitro and in cells, has improved or suggested theoretical models. In particular, reconstituted membrane systems, whichhavebeenparticularlyinfluentialinshapingourunderstandingofthephysics of membranes, are now playing a crucial role in shaping our understanding and quantificationofbiologicalmembranes. Thisbookbeginswith personalperspectivesbyR. LipowskyandE. Sackmann on the major evolution in the field over the past two decades, discussing physical phenomena and biological processes that could be inspirational to physicists, respectively. The introduction ends with a reference chapter by Rob Phillips that givesanoverviewoftheordersofmagnitudepertainingtomanycharacteristicsof themembrane,andhowthesenumbersarerelatedtoparticularcellularfunctions. The main body of this book is separated into two parts. The first deals with membraneheterogeneities,startingwithageneralbiologicalintroduction(Simons), followedbytwochaptersdescribingthermodynamicconceptsrelevanttomembrane heterogeneities (Schick, Veatch & Cicuta). The next two chapters (Marguet & Salomé,Démery&Lacoste)describediffusioninmembranesfromtheexperimental andtheoreticalpointsofview,respectively.Thelasttwochapters(Rautu&Turner, Frey & Schwille) introduce concepts of out-of-equilibrium physics, including energy-consumingfluxesofmembranecomponents,andthenshowtheirrelevance for the maintenance of membrane heterogeneities and the emergence of pattern formationincellmembranes. Thesecondpartofthebookdealswithseveralaspectsofmembranemechanics andtheirinvolvementinvariouscellfunctions.Thesectionstartswithadescription of the importance of mechanical stresses in cell biology (Disher), taking the biophysical determinants of blood formation as an example while focusing on the cortical protein meshworks that underlie membranes and consequently Preface vii contribute to membrane properties and processes therein. One theoretical chapter (Kozlov)followsdealingwithstressdistributioninmembranesandaddressingthe fundamental concept of spontaneous curvature. The next two chapters (Bitbol & Constantin & Fournier, Simunovic & Voth) describe the physics of membrane– protein interaction at different scales from both an analytical and numerical perspective. Next, two chapters (Foret, Tareste & Roux) describe mechanical aspects implicated in cellular transport, such as budding, fission, and fusion. Three chapters (Auth & Dasgupta & Gompper, Sengupta & Smith, Biswas & Groves)thendescribethemechanicalaspectsofthecell’sinteractionwithparticles (colloidsor pathogens),the cell’s interactionwith a substrate (cell adhesion),and the mechanical aspects of signal transduction in the cell membrane. This second part of the book ends with two chapters reporting on new developmentsin active membranes,namelymembranesfor whichbehavioriscontrolledbythe exchange ofmatterandenergywiththesurrounding.Thefirstofthesetwochapters(Kumar & Laradji) discusses the way complex membrane structures can be generated by activeproteinexchangewiththecytosolorbyactivecytoskeletoncontraction,and the second discusses the fluctuations of active membranes described from both an experimentaland theoreticalperspective (Turlier & Betz). The book ends with ourpersonalviewsontheoutstandingremainingquestionsthatareofbothcrucial physiologicalrelevanceandintrinsicinterestforthephysicsofmembranes. Paris,France PatriciaBassereau PierreSens Contents PartI Introduction UnderstandingMembranesandVesicles:APersonalRecollection oftheLastTwoDecades......................................................... 3 ReinhardLipowsky AdvancedConceptsandPerspectivesofMembranePhysics................ 45 ErichSackmann PartII MembranesbytheNumbers MembranesbytheNumbers.................................................... 73 RobPhillips PartIII SpatialHeterogeneitiesinBiomembranes LipidRafts:APersonalAccount............................................... 109 KaiSimons TheoriesofEquilibriumInhomogeneousFluids ............................. 125 MichaelSchick CriticalLipidomics: The Consequencesof Lipid Miscibility in BiologicalMembranes........................................................... 141 SarahL.VeatchandPietroCicuta LateralDiffusioninHeterogeneousCellMembranes........................ 169 DidierMarguetandLaurenceSalomé MechanicalFactorsAffectingtheMobilityofMembraneProteins........ 191 VincentDémeryandDavidLacoste MembraneDomainsUnderCellularRecycling .............................. 213 S.AlexRautuandMatthewS.Turner ix x Contents ProteinPatternFormation...................................................... 229 ErwinFrey,JacobHalatek,SimonKretschmer,andPetraSchwille PartIV BiomembraneMechanicsandConsequencesforTheir Functions BiomembraneMechanicalPropertiesDirectDiverseCellFunctions...... 263 DennisE.Discher SpontaneousandIntrinsicCurvatureofLipidMembranes:Back totheOrigins..................................................................... 287 MichaelM.Kozlov Membrane-MediatedInteractions ............................................. 311 Anne-FlorenceBitbol,DoruConstantin,andJean-BaptisteFournier SimulatingProtein-MediatedMembraneRemodelingatMultiple Scales .............................................................................. 351 MijoSimunovicandGregoryA.Voth MechanosensitivityofMembraneBuddingandTrafficking................ 385 LionelForet CommonEnergeticandMechanicalFeaturesofMembraneFusion andFissionMachineries......................................................... 421 DavidTaresteandAurélienRoux InteractionofParticlesandPathogenswithBiologicalMembranes....... 471 ThorstenAuth,SabyasachiDasgupta,andGerhardGompper AdhesionofBiologicalMembranes ............................................ 499 KheyaSenguptaandAna-SuncˇanaSmith SpatialandMechanicalAspectsofSignalTransductionintheCell Membrane ........................................................................ 537 KabirH.BiswasandJayT.Groves Protein-InducedMorphologicalDeformationsofBiomembranes.......... 561 P.B.SunilKumarandMohamedLaradji FluctuationsinActiveMembranes............................................. 581 HervéTurlierandTimoBetz Postface............................................................................ 621 Part I Introduction
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