Table Of Content

Prefixes for Powers of 10* The Greek Alphabet Multiple Prefix Abbreviation Alpha 〈 a Nu ⌵ n Beta 〉 b Xi ⌶ j 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z Gamma ⌫ g Omicron ⌷ o 1018 exa E Delta ⌬ d Pi ⌸ p 1015 peta P Epsilon ⌭ e, e Rho ⌹ r 1012 tera T Zeta ⌮ z Sigma ⌺ s 109 giga G Eta ⌯ h Tau ⌻ t 106 mega M Theta ⌰ u Upsilon ⌼ y 103 kilo k Iota ⌱ i Phi ⌽ f 102 hecto h Kappa ⌲ k Chi ⌾ x 101 deka da Lambda ⌳ l Psi ⌿ c 10⫺1 deci d 10⫺2 centi c Mu ⌴ m Omega ⍀ v 10⫺3 milli m 10⫺6 micro m 10⫺9 nano n 10⫺12 pico p 10⫺15 femto f Mathematical Symbols 10⫺18 atto a 10⫺21 zepto z ⫽ is equal to 10⫺24 yocto y ⬅ is defined by * Commonly used prefixes are in bold. All prefixes are pronounced with the is not equal to accent on the first syllable. ⬇ is approximately equal to ⬃ is of the order of Terrestrial and Astronomical Data* ⬀ is proportional to Acceleration of gravity g 9.81 m/s2 ⫽ 32.2 ft/s2 ⬎ is greater than at Earth’s surface ⱖ is greater than or equal to Radius of Earth RE RE 6371 km ⫽ 3959 mi ⬎⬎ is much greater than Mass of Earth ME 5.97 ⫻ 1024 kg ⬍ is less than Mass of the Sun 1.99 ⫻ 1030 kg ⱕ is less than or equal to Mass of the moon 7.35 ⫻ 1022 kg ⬍⬍ is much less than Escape speed 11.2 km/s ⫽ 6.95 mi/s ⌬x change in x at Earth’s surface dx differential change in x Standard temperature and 0°C ⫽ 273.15 K 冷x冷 absolute value of x pressure (STP) 1 atm ⫽ 101.3 kPa S S Earth–moon distance† 3.84 ⫻ 108 m ⫽ 2.39 ⫻ 105 mi 冷v冷 magnitude of v Earth–Sun distance (mean)† 1.50 ⫻ 1011 m ⫽ 9.30 ⫻ 107 mi n! n(n ⫺ 1)(n ⫺ 2)…1 Speed of sound in dry air (at STP) 331 m/s ⌺ sum Speed of sound in dry air 343 m/s lim limit (20°C, 1 atm) ⌬t → 0 ⌬t approaches zero Density of dry air (STP) 1.29 kg/m3 dx derivative of x with Density of dry air (20°C, 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3 dt respect to t Density of water (4°C, 1 atm) 1000 kg/m3 ⭸x partial derivative of x Heat of fusion of water (0°C, 1 atm) Lf 333.5 kJ/kg ⭸t with respect to t Heat of vaporization of water Lv 2.257 MJ/kg x2 (100°C, 1 atm) 冮 f(x)dx definite integral x1 x2 * Additional data on the solar system can be found in Appendix B and at ⫽ F(x) ` ⫽ F(x2) ⫺ F(x1) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html. x1 † Center to center. Abbreviations for Units ⫺9 A ampere H henry nm nanometer (10 m) ⫺10 Å angstrom (10 m) h hour pt pint atm atmosphere Hz hertz qt quart Btu British thermal unit in inch rev revolution Bq becquerel J joule R roentgen C coulomb K kelvin Sv seivert °C degree Celsius kg kilogram s second cal calorie km kilometer T tesla Ci curie keV kilo-electron volt u unified mass unit cm centimeter lb pound V volt dyn dyne L liter W watt eV electron volt m meter Wb weber °F degree Fahrenheit MeV mega-electron volt y year ⫺15 6 fm femtometer, fermi (10 m) Mm megameter (10 m) yd yard ⫺6 ft foot mi mile mm micrometer (10 m) 9 Gm gigameter (10 m) min minute ms microsecond G gauss mm millimeter mC microcoulomb Gy gray ms millisecond ⍀ ohm g gram N newton Some Conversion Factors Length Force–pressure 5 1 m ⫽ 39.37 in ⫽ 3.281 ft ⫽ 1.094 yd 1 N ⫽ 10 dyn ⫽ 0.2248 lb 15 10 9 1 m ⫽ 10 fm ⫽ 10 Å ⫽ 10 nm 1 lb ⫽ 4.448 N 2 1 km ⫽ 0.6214 mi 1 atm ⫽ 101.3 kPa ⫽ 1.013 bar ⫽ 76.00 cmHg ⫽ 14.70 lb/in 1 mi ⫽ 5280 ft ⫽ 1.609 km Mass 1 lightyear ⫽ 1 c # y ⫽ 9.461 ⫻ 1015 m ⫺3 ⫺1 ⫺27 1 u ⫽ [(10 mol )/N ] kg ⫽ 1.661 ⫻ 10 kg A 1 in ⫽ 2.540 cm 3 1 tonne ⫽ 10 kg ⫽ 1 Mg 1 slug ⫽ 14.59 kg Volume 1 kg weighs about 2.205 lb 3 3 ⫺3 3 1 L ⫽ 10 cm ⫽ 10 m ⫽ 1.057 qt Energy–power Time 1 J ⫽ 107 erg ⫽ 0.7376 ft # lb ⫽ 9.869 ⫻ 10⫺3 L # atm 1 h ⫽ 3600 s ⫽ 3.6 ks 1 kW # h ⫽ 3.6 MJ 1 y ⫽ 365.24 d ⫽ 3.156 ⫻ 107 s 1 cal ⫽ 4.184 J ⫽ 4.129 ⫻ 10⫺2 L # atm 1 L # atm ⫽ 101.325 J ⫽ 24.22 cal Speed ⫺19 1 eV ⫽ 1.602 ⫻ 10 J 1 km/h ⫽ 0.278 m/s ⫽ 0.6214 mi/h 1 Btu ⫽ 778 ft # lb ⫽ 252 cal ⫽ 1054 J 1 ft/s ⫽ 0.3048 m/s ⫽ 0.6818 mi/h 1 horsepower ⫽ 550 ft # lb/s ⫽ 746 W Angle–angular speed Thermal conductivity 1 rev ⫽ 2p rad ⫽ 360° 1 W/(m # K) ⫽ 6.938 Btu # in/(h # ft2 # °F) 1 rad ⫽ 57.30° Magnetic field 1 rev/min ⫽ 0.1047 rad/s 4 1 T ⫽ 10 G Viscosity 1 Pa # s ⫽ 10 poise This page intentionally left blank SIXTH EDITION PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WITH MODERN PHYSICS Paul A. Tipler Gene Mosca W. H. Freeman and Company • New York PT: For Claudia GM: For Vivian Publisher: Susan Finnemore Brennan Executive Editor: Clancy Marshall Marketing Manager: Anthony Palmiotto Senior Developmental Editor: Kharissia Pettus Media Editor: Jeanette Picerno Editorial Assistants: Janie Chan, Kathryn Treadway Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski Photo Researcher: Dena Digilio Betz Cover Designer: Blake Logan Text Designer: Marsha Cohen/Parallelogram Graphics Senior Project Editor: Georgia Lee Hadler Copy Editors: Connie Parks, Trumbull Rogers Illustrations: Network Graphics Illustration Coordinator: Bill Page Production Coordinator: Susan Wein Composition: Preparé Inc. Printing and Binding: RR Donnelly Library of Congress Control Number: 2007010418 ISBN-10: 0-7167-8964-7 (Extended, Chapters 1–41, R) ISBN-13: 978-0-7167-8964-2 ISBN-10: 1-4292-0132-0 (Volume 1, Chapters 1–20, R) ISBN-10: 1-4292-0133-9 (Volume 2, Chapters 21–33) ISBN-10: 1-4292-0134-7 (Volume 3, Chapters 34–41) ISBN-10: 1-4292-0124-X (Standard, Chapters 1–33, R) © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Second printing W. H. Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England www.whfreeman.com Contents in Brief 1 Measurement and Vectors / 1 PART I MECHANICS 2 Motion in One Dimension / 27 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions / 63 4 Newton’s Laws / 93 5 Additional Applications of Newton’s Laws / 127 6 Work and Kinetic Energy / 173 7 Conservation of Energy / 201 8 Conservation of Linear Momentum / 247 Thinkstock/Alamy 9 Rotation / 289 10 Angular Momentum / 331 R Special Relativity / R-1 11 Gravity / 363 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity / 397 13 Fluids / 423 PART II OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 14 Oscillations / 457 15 Traveling Waves / 495 16 Superposition and Standing Waves / 533 PART III THERMODYNAMICS 17 Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases / 563 18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics / 591 19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics / 629 20 Thermal Properties and Processes / 665 vii viii Contents in Brief PART IV ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 21 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions / 693 22 The Electric Field II: Continuous Charge Distributions / 727 23 Electric Potential / 763 24 Capacitance / 801 25 Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits / 839 26 The Magnetic Field / 887 27 Sources of the Magnetic Field / 917 28 Magnetic Induction / 959 29 Alternating-Current Circuits / 995 30 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves / 1029 PART V LIGHT 31 Properties of Light / 1055 32 Optical Images / 1097 33 Interference and Diffraction / 1141 PART VI MODERN PHYSICS: QUANTUM MECHANICS, RELATIVITY, AND THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER 34 Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics / 1173 35 Applications of the Schrödinger Equation / 1203 36 Atoms / 1227 37 Molecules / 1261 38 Solids / 1281 39 Relativity / 1319 40 Nuclear Physics / 1357 41 Elementary Particles and the Beginning of the Universe / 1389 APPENDICES A SI Units and Conversion Factors / AP-1 B Numerical Data / AP-3 C Periodic Table of Elements / AP-6 Math Tutorial / M-1 Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems / A-1 Index / I-1