Physics for Scientists and Engineers

1584 Pages·2010·38.26 MB·English

Prefixes for Powers of 10* The Greek Alphabet
Multiple Prefix Abbreviation Alpha 〈 a Nu ⌵ n
Beta 〉 b Xi ⌶ j
1024 yotta Y
1021 zetta Z Gamma ⌫ g Omicron ⌷ o
1018 exa E Delta ⌬ d Pi ⌸ p
1015 peta P Epsilon ⌭ e, e Rho ⌹ r
1012 tera T Zeta ⌮ z Sigma ⌺ s
109 giga G Eta ⌯ h Tau ⌻ t
106 mega M Theta ⌰ u Upsilon ⌼ y
103 kilo k Iota ⌱ i Phi ⌽ f
102 hecto h
Kappa ⌲ k Chi ⌾ x
101 deka da
Lambda ⌳ l Psi ⌿ c
10⫺1 deci d
10⫺2 centi c Mu ⌴ m Omega ⍀ v
10⫺3 milli m
10⫺6 micro m
10⫺9 nano n
10⫺12 pico p
10⫺15 femto f
Mathematical Symbols
10⫺18 atto a
10⫺21 zepto z
⫽ is equal to
10⫺24 yocto y
⬅ is defined by
* Commonly used prefixes are in bold. All prefixes are pronounced with the is not equal to
accent on the first syllable.
⬇ is approximately equal to
⬃ is of the order of
Terrestrial and Astronomical Data*
⬀ is proportional to
Acceleration of gravity g 9.81 m/s2 ⫽ 32.2 ft/s2 ⬎ is greater than
at Earth’s surface ⱖ is greater than or equal to
Radius of Earth RE RE 6371 km ⫽ 3959 mi ⬎⬎ is much greater than
Mass of Earth ME 5.97 ⫻ 1024 kg ⬍ is less than
Mass of the Sun 1.99 ⫻ 1030 kg ⱕ is less than or equal to
Mass of the moon 7.35 ⫻ 1022 kg ⬍⬍ is much less than
Escape speed 11.2 km/s ⫽ 6.95 mi/s ⌬x change in x
at Earth’s surface
dx differential change in x
Standard temperature and 0°C ⫽ 273.15 K
冷x冷 absolute value of x
pressure (STP) 1 atm ⫽ 101.3 kPa
S S
Earth–moon distance† 3.84 ⫻ 108 m ⫽ 2.39 ⫻ 105 mi 冷v冷 magnitude of v
Earth–Sun distance (mean)† 1.50 ⫻ 1011 m ⫽ 9.30 ⫻ 107 mi n! n(n ⫺ 1)(n ⫺ 2)…1
Speed of sound in dry air (at STP) 331 m/s ⌺ sum
Speed of sound in dry air 343 m/s lim limit
(20°C, 1 atm) ⌬t → 0 ⌬t approaches zero
Density of dry air (STP) 1.29 kg/m3 dx derivative of x with
Density of dry air (20°C, 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3 dt respect to t
Density of water (4°C, 1 atm) 1000 kg/m3 ⭸x partial derivative of x
Heat of fusion of water (0°C, 1 atm) Lf 333.5 kJ/kg ⭸t with respect to t
Heat of vaporization of water Lv 2.257 MJ/kg x2
(100°C, 1 atm) 冮 f(x)dx definite integral
x1 x2
* Additional data on the solar system can be found in Appendix B and at ⫽ F(x) ` ⫽ F(x2) ⫺ F(x1)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html. x1
† Center to center.
Abbreviations for Units
⫺9
A ampere H henry nm nanometer (10 m)
⫺10
Å angstrom (10 m) h hour pt pint
atm atmosphere Hz hertz qt quart
Btu British thermal unit in inch rev revolution
Bq becquerel J joule R roentgen
C coulomb K kelvin Sv seivert
°C degree Celsius kg kilogram s second
cal calorie km kilometer T tesla
Ci curie keV kilo-electron volt u unified mass unit
cm centimeter lb pound V volt
dyn dyne L liter W watt
eV electron volt m meter Wb weber
°F degree Fahrenheit MeV mega-electron volt y year
⫺15 6
fm femtometer, fermi (10 m) Mm megameter (10 m) yd yard
⫺6
ft foot mi mile mm micrometer (10 m)
9
Gm gigameter (10 m) min minute ms microsecond
G gauss mm millimeter mC microcoulomb
Gy gray ms millisecond ⍀ ohm
g gram N newton
Some Conversion Factors
Length Force–pressure
5
1 m ⫽ 39.37 in ⫽ 3.281 ft ⫽ 1.094 yd 1 N ⫽ 10 dyn ⫽ 0.2248 lb
15 10 9
1 m ⫽ 10 fm ⫽ 10 Å ⫽ 10 nm 1 lb ⫽ 4.448 N
2
1 km ⫽ 0.6214 mi 1 atm ⫽ 101.3 kPa ⫽ 1.013 bar ⫽ 76.00 cmHg ⫽ 14.70 lb/in
1 mi ⫽ 5280 ft ⫽ 1.609 km
Mass
1 lightyear ⫽ 1 c # y ⫽ 9.461 ⫻ 1015 m ⫺3 ⫺1 ⫺27
1 u ⫽ [(10 mol )/N ] kg ⫽ 1.661 ⫻ 10 kg
A
1 in ⫽ 2.540 cm 3
1 tonne ⫽ 10 kg ⫽ 1 Mg
1 slug ⫽ 14.59 kg
Volume
1 kg weighs about 2.205 lb
3 3 ⫺3 3
1 L ⫽ 10 cm ⫽ 10 m ⫽ 1.057 qt
Energy–power
Time
1 J ⫽ 107 erg ⫽ 0.7376 ft # lb ⫽ 9.869 ⫻ 10⫺3 L # atm
1 h ⫽ 3600 s ⫽ 3.6 ks 1 kW # h ⫽ 3.6 MJ
1 y ⫽ 365.24 d ⫽ 3.156 ⫻ 107 s 1 cal ⫽ 4.184 J ⫽ 4.129 ⫻ 10⫺2 L # atm
1 L # atm ⫽ 101.325 J ⫽ 24.22 cal
Speed
⫺19
1 eV ⫽ 1.602 ⫻ 10 J
1 km/h ⫽ 0.278 m/s ⫽ 0.6214 mi/h
1 Btu ⫽ 778 ft # lb ⫽ 252 cal ⫽ 1054 J
1 ft/s ⫽ 0.3048 m/s ⫽ 0.6818 mi/h
1 horsepower ⫽ 550 ft # lb/s ⫽ 746 W
Angle–angular speed Thermal conductivity
1 rev ⫽ 2p rad ⫽ 360° 1 W/(m # K) ⫽ 6.938 Btu # in/(h # ft2 # °F)
1 rad ⫽ 57.30°
Magnetic field
1 rev/min ⫽ 0.1047 rad/s 4
1 T ⫽ 10 G
Viscosity
1 Pa # s ⫽ 10 poise
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SIXTH EDITION
PHYSICS FOR
SCIENTISTS
AND ENGINEERS
WITH MODERN PHYSICS
Paul A. Tipler
Gene Mosca
W. H. Freeman and Company • New York
PT: For Claudia
GM: For Vivian
Publisher: Susan Finnemore Brennan
Executive Editor: Clancy Marshall
Marketing Manager: Anthony Palmiotto
Senior Developmental Editor: Kharissia Pettus
Media Editor: Jeanette Picerno
Editorial Assistants: Janie Chan, Kathryn Treadway
Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski
Photo Researcher: Dena Digilio Betz
Cover Designer: Blake Logan
Text Designer: Marsha Cohen/Parallelogram Graphics
Senior Project Editor: Georgia Lee Hadler
Copy Editors: Connie Parks, Trumbull Rogers
Illustrations: Network Graphics
Illustration Coordinator: Bill Page
Production Coordinator: Susan Wein
Composition: Preparé Inc.
Printing and Binding: RR Donnelly
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007010418
ISBN-10: 0-7167-8964-7 (Extended, Chapters 1–41, R)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7167-8964-2
ISBN-10: 1-4292-0132-0 (Volume 1, Chapters 1–20, R)
ISBN-10: 1-4292-0133-9 (Volume 2, Chapters 21–33)
ISBN-10: 1-4292-0134-7 (Volume 3, Chapters 34–41)
ISBN-10: 1-4292-0124-X (Standard, Chapters 1–33, R)
© 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Second printing
W. H. Freeman and Company
41 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Houndmills, Basingstoke
RG21 6XS, England
www.whfreeman.com
Contents in Brief
1 Measurement and Vectors / 1
PART I MECHANICS
2 Motion in One Dimension / 27
3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions / 63
4 Newton’s Laws / 93
5 Additional Applications of Newton’s Laws / 127
6 Work and Kinetic Energy / 173
7 Conservation of Energy / 201
8 Conservation of Linear Momentum / 247
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9 Rotation / 289
10 Angular Momentum / 331
R Special Relativity / R-1
11 Gravity / 363
12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity / 397
13 Fluids / 423
PART II OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
14 Oscillations / 457
15 Traveling Waves / 495
16 Superposition and Standing Waves / 533
PART III THERMODYNAMICS
17 Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases / 563
18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics / 591
19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics / 629
20 Thermal Properties and Processes / 665
vii
viii Contents in Brief
PART IV ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
21 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions / 693
22 The Electric Field II: Continuous Charge Distributions / 727
23 Electric Potential / 763
24 Capacitance / 801
25 Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits / 839
26 The Magnetic Field / 887
27 Sources of the Magnetic Field / 917
28 Magnetic Induction / 959
29 Alternating-Current Circuits / 995
30 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves / 1029
PART V LIGHT
31 Properties of Light / 1055
32 Optical Images / 1097
33 Interference and Diffraction / 1141
PART VI MODERN PHYSICS: QUANTUM
MECHANICS, RELATIVITY, AND
THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
34 Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics / 1173
35 Applications of the Schrödinger Equation / 1203
36 Atoms / 1227
37 Molecules / 1261
38 Solids / 1281
39 Relativity / 1319
40 Nuclear Physics / 1357
41 Elementary Particles and the Beginning
of the Universe / 1389
APPENDICES
A SI Units and Conversion Factors / AP-1
B Numerical Data / AP-3
C Periodic Table of Elements / AP-6
Math Tutorial / M-1
Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems / A-1
Index / I-1