Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections, Extended Version with Modern Physics

1576 Pages·2016·155.72 MB·English

by  Debora M. Katz

with
Modern
Physics
KATZ
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ISBN-13: 978-1-305-25983-6
ISBN-10: 1-305-25983-1
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5599883366__ccvvrr__rreevv0011..iinndddd 11 1280/0/088/1/155 1 20::3559 pamm
Some Astronomical Data
Quantity Convenient units
Earth
Mass of the Earth M 5 5.9736 3 1024 kg
{
Radius of the Earth R 5 6.378 3 106 m
{
Orbital speed of the Earth v 5 30 km/s
{
Year (measured with respect to fixed stars) T 5 365.25 days
{
Sun
Mass of the Sun M 5 1.9891 3 1030 kg
}
Radius of the Sun R 5 6.9551 3 108 m
}
Effective temperature of the Sun’s surface T 5 5777 K
}
Luminosity of (power emitted by) the Sun P 5 3.839 3 1026 W
}
Distance of the Sun from the Milky Way galaxy’s center r 5 8.5 kpc
}MW
Speed of the Sun around the Milky Way galaxy’s center v 5 220 km/s
}
Moon
Mass of the Moon M = 7.35 3 1022 kg
Moon
Radius of the Moon R = 1.738 3 106 m
Moon
Distance between the Moon and the Earth r 5 3.84 3 108 m
{Moon
Month (measured with respect to fixed stars) T 5 27.3 days
Moon
Some Physical Data
Quantity Convenient units
Air (dry, at 1 atm and 20°C except where noted)
Density 1.21 kg/m3
Specific heat (at 25°C) 2.108 3 103 J/(kg?K)
Molar specific heat (at 25°C) 37.6 J/(mol?K)
Ratio of specific heats (constant pressure/constant volume) 1.40
Speed of sound 343 m/s
Electrical breakdown strength 3 3 106 V/m
Effective molar mass 2.89 3 1022 kg/mol
Water (at 1 atm)
Density of water (at 4°C) 1000 kg/m3
Density of ice (at 0°C) 9.167 3 102 kg/m3
Melting temperature 273.15 K
Boiling temperature 373.15 K
Speed of sound in water (at 20°C) 1481 m/s
Specific heat (at room temperature) 4.187 3 103 J/(kg?K)
Molar specific heat (at room temperature) 75.4 J/(mol?K)
Heat of fusion 3.33 3 105 J/kg
Heat of vaporization 2.256 3 106 J/kg
Thermal conductivity 0.56 W/(m?K)
Emissivity 0.67
Index of refraction (l = 589 nm, green) 1.33
Molar mass 1.80 3 1022 kg/mol
Subatomic masses
Electron mass 9.10938291 6 0.00000040 3 10231 kg
Proton mass 1.672621777 6 0.000000074 3 10227 kg
Neutron mass 1.674927351 6 0.000000074 3 10227 kg
Hydrogen mass 1.673532499 6 0.00000013 3 10227 kg
Source: Physical data and constants can be found at http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Category?view=html&All+values.x=115&All+values.y=7.
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Some Astronomical Data
Equatorial Free-fall Escape Blackbody
Rotation period radius acceleration near speed temperature
Object Symbol (hh:mm:ss.s or days) Mass (3 1024 kg) (3 106 m) surface (m/s2) (km/s) (K)
Sun • ^ 25 to 36 days1 1.9891 3 106 695.51 274 618 5777
Mercury ☿ 58.65 days 0.3302 2.4397 3.7 4.3 440.1
Venus ♀ 243 days 4.87 6.052 8.9 10.36 184.2
Earth % 23:56:4.1 5.9736 6.378136 9.81 11.186 254.3
Moon • 27.3 days 0.07 1.738 1.6 2.38 270.7
Mars ♂ 24:37:22.6 0.64 3.397 3.7 5.03 210.1
Ceres • 09:04:19 9.6 3 1024 0.48 239
Jupiter ♃ 9:50:30 1900 71.493 24.8 59.5 110.0
Saturn • 10:14:00 569 60.268 10.4 35.5 81.1
Uranus • 17:14:00 87 25.559 8.87 21.3 58.2
Neptune ♆ 16:03:00 103 24.764 11.2 23.5 46.6
Pluto • 6.387 days 0.01 1.135 0.58 1.2 37.5
Eris ^ 1022 1.2 30
1The Sun is gaseous and does not rotate as a solid body; its period near the equator is shorter than at the poles.
Orbital parameters for objects that orbit the Sun
Object Orbital period (days or years) Semimajor axis (AU) Eccentricity
Mercury 87.969 days 0.387 0.2056
Venus 224.701 days 0.723 0.0067
Earth 365.26 days 1.000 0.0167
Mars 1.8808 years 1.524 0.0935
Ceres 4.603 years 2.767 0.097
Jupiter 11.8618 years 5.204 0.0489
Saturn 29.4567 years 9.5482 0.0565
Uranus 84.0107 years 19.201 0.0457
Neptune 164.79 years 30.047 0.0113
Pluto 247.68 years 39.482 0.2488
Eris 559 years 67.89 0.4378
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Pedagogical color chart
Mechanics Thermodynamics
Position and Displacement vectors Energy transfer arrows
W
eng
Position and Displacement component
vectors
Q
c
Linear and Angular Velocity vectors
Linear and Angular Velocity Q
h
component vectors
Force vectors Kinetic Energy bar
Force component vectors
Potential Energy bar
Acceleration vectors
Acceleration component vectors Total Energy bar
Linear and Angular Momentum vectors
Linear and Angular Momentum
Optics
component vectors
Torque vectors Light rays
Converging
Torque component vectors
lens
Schematic linear or rotational motion
Object
arrows
Dimensional rotational motion arrow
Image
Enlargement arrow
Diverging lens
Process arrow
Springs
Mirror
Pulleys
Curved mirror
Electricity and Magnetism
Electric field vectors Open switch
Electric field component vectors Closed switch
Electric fields
Two-way switch
Magnetic field vectors
Magnetic field component vectors
Resistor
Magnetic fields R
Positive charges
Capacitor
C
Negative charges
Current
Inductor L
Ground symbol
Voltmeter V
Lightbulb
Ammeter A
+
Batteries and other DC power supplies
E
−
Ohmmeter Ω
AC power
Galvanometer G
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Physics for Scientists
and Engineers:
Foundations and Connections
with Modern Physics
Debora M. Katz
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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9781133961819_FM.indd 2 30/07/12 7:37 PM
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations © 2017 Cengage Learning
and Connections with Modern Physics
WCN: 01-100-101
Debora M. Katz
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To Zak and Jeff
with love.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
About the Author
Debora Katz is on the physics faculty at the United States Naval Academy, where she teaches calculus-
based introductory physics. Soon after beginning her job at the Academy, she co-authored a book, The
Physics Toolbox, meant to help students struggling in introductory physics. She was born in Chicago,
Illinois and grew up in a suburb of Chicago as well as in Hawaii. She went to Brandeis University in
Waltham, Massachusetts, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics. She then went to the
University of California in Irvine, California, where she earned a Master of Science degree in physics.
Finally, she attended the University of Minnesota, earning a doctorate in astrophysics. After her PhD,
she immediately began teaching in the physics department at the United States Naval Academy. She
lives in Annapolis with her husband Jeff, her son Zak, and their dog Simon.
iii
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Contents
About the Author iii
Preface for the Instructor xiii
Acknowledgments xxi
Preface for the Students xxiv
Part I Classical Mechanics Velocity as a Function of Time for Constant
Acceleration 40
Displacement as a Function of Velocity
Chapter 1 Getting Started 1
and Time 40
1-1 Physics 1
The Five Kinematic Equations for Constant
1-2 How Are Laws of Physics Found? 2
Acceleration 41
1-3 A Guide to Learning Physics 3
Using Integral Calculus 41
Useful Features of this Book 3
2-10 A Special Case of Constant Acceleration:
Advice from the Author 4
Free Fall 45
First Case Study 4
Graphical Solutions 49
1-4 Solving Problems in Physics 5
1-5 Systems of Units 6
Time 6 Chapter 3 Vectors 5 9
Length 7 3-1 Geometric Treatment of Vectors 60
Mass 7 Drawing Vectors 60
Scientific Notation and Common Prefixes for Adding Vectors Geometrically 61
SI Units 7 Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar 61
Converting Units 7 Subtracting Vectors Geometrically 62
1-6 Dimensional Analysis 9 Using a Scale 64
1-7 Error and Significant Figures 10 3-2 Cartesian Coordinate Systems 65
1-8 Order-of-Magnitude Estimates 12 Axes and Coordinates 65
Welcome to the Beginning of Your Unit Vectors 67
Adventure 17 Right-Handed Coordinate Systems 67
3-3 Components of a Vector 68
Vector Components and Scalar
Chapter 2 One-Dimensional Motion 2 2
Components 68
2-1 W hat Is One-Dimensional Translational
Resolving a Vector into Components 69
Kinematics? 23
Vector Magnitude and Direction 72
2-2 Motion Diagrams 23
Angles, Inverse Trigonometric Functions, and
2-3 Coordinate Systems and Position 24
Vector Directions 72
Introduction to Vectors 24
3-4 Combining Vectors by Components 76
2-4 Position-Versus-Time Graphs 25
Vector Components of Motion Variables 77
Position-Versus-Time Graph 26
2-5 Displacement and Distance Traveled 27
Chapter 4 Two- and Three-Dimensional
Displacement (Change in Position) 28
Displacement, Translation, and the Particle Motion 8 5
Model 28 4-1 What Is Multidimensional Motion? 86
4-2 Motion Diagrams for Multidimensional
Distance Traveled 29
Motion 87
2-6 Average Velocity and Speed 30
4-3 Position and Displacement 88
Average Velocity 31
4-4 Velocity and Acceleration 90
Average Speed 31
4-5 Special Case of Projectile Motion 94
Average Velocity from a Position-Versus-Time
Graph 32 The Equations for Projectile Motion 94
2-7 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 34 Range Equation 96
Instantaneous Speed 35 4-6 Special Case of Uniform Circular Motion 99
Displacement from a Velocity-Versus-Time Polar Coordinate System 100
Graph 36 Linear and Angular Speed 100
2-8 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration 37 Centripetal Acceleration 101
Average Acceleration 37 4-7 Relative Motion in One Dimension 104
Instantaneous Acceleration 37 4-8 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 106
2-9 Special Case: Constant Acceleration 40 A Word About Air Resistance 110
iv
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Chapter 5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 1 19 8-6 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 225
5-1 Our Experience With Dynamics 120 8-7 Applying the Conservation of Mechanical
5-2 Newton’s First Law 121 Energy 228
5-3 Force 122 8-8 Energy Graphs 232
Contact Versus Field Forces 123 Force Approach Versus Conservation
Internal Versus External Forces 123 Approach 234
5-4 Inertial Mass 124 8-9 Special Case: Orbital Energies 235
5-5 Inertial Reference Frames 124 Elliptical Orbits 236
5-6 Newton’s Second Law 126
5-7 Some Specific Forces 130 Chapter 9 Energy in Nonisolated
Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface 130 Systems 2 47
Spring Force 132 9-1 E nergy Transfer to and from
Normal Force 132 the Environment 248
Tension Force 133 9-2 Work Done by a Constant Force 248
Kinetic Friction 133 9-3 Dot Product 252
5-8 Free-Body Diagrams 134 9-4 Work Done by a Nonconstant Force 254
5-9 Newton’s Third Law 141 9-5 C onservation and Nonconservative
5-10 Fundamental Forces 146 Forces 256
9-6 Particles, Objects, and Systems 259
Chapter 6 Applications of Newton’s Laws Work and Mechanical Energy 260
of Motion 1 53 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass 260
6-1 Newton’s Laws in a Messy World 153 Zero-Work Forces 261
6-2 Friction and the Normal Force Revisited 155 9-7 Thermal Energy 261
6-3 A Model for Static Friction 156 Globular Cluster Analogy 262
6-4 Kinetic and Rolling Friction 160 Change in Thermal Energy due to Moving
Model for Kinetic Friction 161 Friction 262
Rolling Friction 163 9-8 Work–Energy Theorem 264
6-5 Drag and Terminal Speed 163 9-9 Power 269
Terminal Speed 166
6-6 Centripetal Force 168 Chapter 10 Systems of Particles
Nonuniform Circular Motion 174 and Conservation
of Momentum 2 81
Chapter 7 Gravity 1 84
10-1 A Second Conservation Principle 282
7-1 A Knowable Universe 185
10-2 Momentum of a Particle 283
7-2 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 187
10-3 Center of Mass Revisited 284
Kepler’s First Law 187
10-4 Systems of Particles 287
Kepler’s Second Law 188
Momentum of a System of Particles 288
Kepler’s Third Law 188
10-5 Conservation of Momentum 289
7-3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravity 190
10-6 Case Study: Rockets 292
Gravitational and Inertial Mass 195
10-7 Rocket Thrust: An Open System
7-4 The Gravitational Field 196
(Optional) 296
7-5 Variations in the Earth’s Gravitational Field 203
The Earth as a Noninertial Reference
Frame 204 Chapter 11 Collisions 3 06
11-1 What is a Collision? 307
Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy 2 13 11-2 Impulse 307
8-1 Another Approach to Newtonian 11-3 Conservation During a Collision 310
Conservation of Momentum During a
Mechanics 214
8-2 Energy 215 Collision 310
Conservation of Kinetic Energy During a
Kinetic Energy 215
Potential Energy 217 Collision 311
11-4 Special Case: One-Dimensional Inelastic
8-3 Gravitational Potential Energy Near
the Earth 218 Collisions 312
Reference Configuration 219 11-5 One-Dimensional Elastic Collisions 315
Stationary Target in an Elastic Collision:
Path Independence 219
8-4 Universal Gravitational Potential Energy 221 Special Cases 316
Reference Configuration for Universal 11-6 Two-Dimensional Collisions 320
Elastic Two-Dimensional Two-Particle
Gravity 222
8-5 Elastic Potential Energy 223 Collision 321
Reference Configuration for Spring Potential Completely Inelastic Two-Dimensional
Energy 224 Two-Particle Collision 322
v
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