Physics for Clinical Oncology PDF
Preview Physics for Clinical Oncology
Radiotherapy in Practice Radiotherapy in Practice: Brachytherapy Edited by Peter Hoskin and Catherine Coyle Radiotherapy in Practice: External Beam Therapy Edited by Peter Hoskin Radiotherapy in Practice: Imaging for Clinical Oncology Edited by Peter Hoskin, Thankamma Ajithkumar, and Vicky Goh Radiotherapy in Practice: Physics for Clinical Oncology Edited by Amen Sibtain, Andrew Morgan, and Niall MacDougall Radiotherapy in Practice: Radioisotope Therapy Edited by Peter Hoskin Radiotherapy in Practice: Radiotherapy and the Cancers of Children, Teenagers, and Young Adults Edited by Tom Boterberg, Karin Dieckmann, and Mark Gaze Radiotherapy in Practice Physics for clinical oncology SECOND EDITION Edited by Amen Sibtain Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Formerly St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK Andrew Morgan Consultant Clinical Scientist, Formerly Head of Radiotherapy Physics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK Niall MacDougall Consultant Clinical Scientist, Head of Clinical Dosimetry, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2023 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2012 Second Edition published in 2023 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2022943022 ISBN 978– 0– 19– 886286– 4 DOI: 10.1093/ med/ 9780198862864.001.0001 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-t o- date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non- pregnant adult who is not breast- feeding Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. AS – For Theo, Isabella, James, Naomi, Nuala and Farida NMD – For Emily and Alistair AMM – For my ever-patient wife Kàren and for George Pitchford† – mentor, colleague, and friend. I have much to thank him for † It is with regret we report the passing of George Pitchford during the preparation of this book. Contents Abbreviations ix Contributors xiii Introduction xv 1 Basic physics essentials to the radiation oncologist 1 Amen Sibtain, Andrew Morgan, and Niall MacDougall 2 The life of a photon: Birth to extinction and what happens in between 16 Amen Sibtain, Andrew Morgan, and Niall MacDougall 3 Particles: Electrons, protons, and neutrons 32 Andrew Morgan and Andrew Nisbet 4 Putting the IT in RT 45 Niall MacDougall and Andrew Morgan 5 Dosimetry: Measuring radiation dose 56 Tony Greener and John Byrne 6 X- ray beam physics 77 Ranald Mackay and Alan Hounsell 7 Electron beam physics 94 George Pitchford† and Andrew Nisbet 8 Imaging for treatment planning 107 Frances Lavender and Gemma Whitelaw 9 External beam treatment planning 123 Christopher Dean, Niall MacDougall, and Andrew Morgan 10 Imaging for treatment delivery: Image- guided radiotherapy 163 Frances Lavender 11 Beam therapy equipment 174 Ondrée Severn 12 Brachytherapy 197 Gemma Whitelaw and Susan Corcoran 13 Molecular radiotherapy 222 Jonathan Gear, Brenda Pratt, and Glenn Flux † It is with regret we report the passing of George Pitchford during the preparation of this book. viii CONTENTS 14 Radiation protection in radiotherapy 234 Jim Thurston 15 Quality in radiotherapy 257 Andrew Morgan and Niall MacDougall Further reading 271 Index 273 Abbreviations A amp EPR Environmental Permitting AI artificial intelligence Regulations ALARP as low as reasonably practicable EQD equivalent dose ARSAC Administration of Radioactive eV electron Volts Substances Advisory Committee FDG fluorodeoxyglucose aSi amorphous silicon FFF flattening filter- free AV anti- virus FOV field of vision Ci curie FSD focus- to- surface distance CPE charged particle equilibrium GTV gross tumour volume BEV beam’s eye view GTTV gross tumour target volume BIPM International Bureau of Weights Gy Gray and Measures HASS High- Activity Sealed Sources Bq Becquerel HDR high dose rate BSF backscatter factor HU Hounsfield unit BSS Basic Safety Standards HVL half value layer CAP customer acceptance protocol Hz hertz CBCT cone beam computed tomography IAEA International Atomic Energy cGy centigray Authority CoP Codes of Practice ICRU International Commission on CQC Care Quality Commission Radiation Units CSDA continuous slowing down IGRT image- guided radiotherapy approximation IM internal margin CT computed tomography IMPT intensity modulated proton CTV clinical target volume therapy DIBH deep inspiration breath- hold IMRT intensity modulated RT DICOM Digital Imaging and IP Internet Protocol Communication in Medicine IPEM Institute of Physics and DoB date of birth Engineering in Medicine DoF degrees of freedom IR(ME)R Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations DoH Department of Health IRR Ionising Radiation Regulations DR dose rate IT information technology DRR digitally reconstructed radiograph ITV internal target volume DVH dose volume histogram IVD in- vivo dosimetry EBRT external beam radiotherapy J joule EC European Community kerma kinetic energy released per EM electromagnetic unit mass EPID electronic portal imaging device kV kilovoltage
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