Physics and Technology of Linear Accelerator Systems: Proceedings of the 2002 Joint USPAS-CAS Japan-Russia Accelerator School, Long Beach, California, 6-14 November 2002 PDF
Preview Physics and Technology of Linear Accelerator Systems: Proceedings of the 2002 Joint USPAS-CAS Japan-Russia Accelerator School, Long Beach, California, 6-14 November 2002
Phv s i cs Tech no Io g LJ., of Linear Accelerator Systems Phpics J Technology of Linear Accelerator Systems Proceedings of the 2002 J o i n t U S PAS - C A S - J a p an - R u s s i a Accelerator School Long Beach, California 6 - 14 November 2002 editors Helmut Wiedemann Stanford University, USA Daniel Brandt C ER N. Switzerland Eugene A Perevedentsev The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russia S hin-ic h i Ku ro kawa KEK, Japan r pW orld Scientific N E W J E R S E Y L O N D O N * S I N G A P O R E S H A N G H A I * HONG KONG T A I P E I * C H E N N A I Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Re. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA once: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK once: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationD ata A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF LINEAR ACCELERATOR SYSTEMS Proceedings of the 2002 Joint USPAS-CAS-Japan-Russia Accelerator School Copyright 0 2004 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, orparts thereoj may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-238-463-4 Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd PREFACE Following a long tradition we organized a biannual Joint Particle Accelerator School, JAS2002. These schools started in 1985 as ajoint venture between the CERN and the US Particle Accelerator Schools. Each school is dedicated to a particular Particle Accelerator topic addressing status and ongoing developments within that theme. The first five schools were: Nonlinear Dynamics, Santa Margherita di Pula, Sardinia, Italy, 1985 New Acceleration Methods and Techniques, South Padre Island, USA, 1986 Observation, Diagnosis and Correction, Anacapri, Italy, 1988 Beam Intensity Limitations, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA, 1990 Factories with e+ e- Rings. Benelmadena, Spain, 1992 Proceedings of these five schools were published in the Lecture Notes in Physics series by Springer as volumes 247,296,343,400a nd 425. In 1993 the KEK Particle Accelerator School (KEKPAS) joined and resulted in the following schools: Frontiers of Accelerator Technology, Maui, Hawaii, USA, 1994 Radio Frequency Engineering for Particle Accelerator Physics, Hayama and Tsukuba, Japan, 1996 Proceedings for these two schools were published by the World Scientific Publishing Company. Finally in 1996 the Russia Accelerator School joined and the location of these schools rotates now within those four regions: Beam Measurement, Montreux and CERN, Switzerland, 1998 World Scientific Publishing Company. High Quality Beams, St. Petersburg and JINR, Dubna, 2000 AIP Conference Proceedings #592 Linear Accelerator, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2002 World Scientific Publishing Company. V vi On behalf of the JAS2002 we express our sincere thanks to S.Y. Lee, M. Paul and S. Winchester of the US Particle Accelerator School for the excellent planning and execution of the school. We also thank David Sutter from the US Department of Energy and F. Bernthal from the Universities Research Association (URA) for their financial support, and the regional Accelerator School organizations (CAS, KEKPAS, RAS) for their continued support and encouragement. Our special thanks goes to the lecturers who agreed to share their intellectual experience at the school and document their lectures in these proceedings. We appreciate the editing skills of Margaret Dienes who has supported our efforts to produce quality proceedings since 1985. Last but not least we thank all the participants for their attendance and participation at the lectures. D. Brandt, CAS, Geneva, Switzerland S.I. Kurokawa, KEKPAS, Tsukuba, Japan E. Perevedentsev, Russia Accelerator School, Novosibirsk, Russia H. Wiedemann, USPAS, Stanford, CA, USA October 15,2003 CONTENTS Preface v Ion Linacs 1 T. P. Wangler Modern Trends in Induction Accelerator Technology 24 G. J . Caporaso RFQ - Accelerators 60 A. Schempp RF Structures (Design) 79 H. Henke Fabrication and Testing of RF Structures 130 E. Jensen Computational Tools for RF Structure Design 155 E. Jensen Wakefields and Instabilities in Linacs 180 G. Stupakov Beam Manipulation and Diagnostic Techniques in Linacs 213 P. Logatchov Space Charge and Beam Halos in Proton Linacs 257 F. Gerigk Power Sources for Accelerators beyond X-Band 289 E. R. Colby Recirculated and Energy Recovered Linacs 30 1 G. A . Krafst Muon Colliders and Neutrino Factories: Basics and Prospects 322 A. Skrinsky vii Members of the Organizing Institutions US Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) H. Wiedemann, S.Y. Lee, M. Paul, S. Winchester CERN, Accelerator School (CAS) D. Brandt, E.J.N. Wilson, S. von Wartburg KEK Accelerator School (KEKPAS) S.I. Kurokawa, Y. Hayashi Russia Accelerator S c h d E.A. Perevedentsev Program Committee USPAS: A. Chao, G. Krafft, S.Y. Lee, R. Ryne, M. Syphers CAS: J. Miles, E.J.N. Wilson, Japan Acc.Schoo1: S.I. Kurokawa, H. Matsumoto, K. Nakajima, S. Ohsawa Russia AccSchool: I.N. Meshkov, E.A. Perevedentsev, Y.M. Shatunov Sponsors USDOE, CERN, KEK, Budker Institute, URA ... Vlll Ion Linacs Thomas P. Wangler Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 An overview is presented of accelerator physics and technology of ion linear accelerators. Topics include early history, basic principles, medium- and high-velocity accelerating structures, the radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ), modem ion-linac architecture,l ongitudinal and transverse single- particle beam dynamics, multiparticle dynamics and space charge, and recent results on beam halo. 1. Introduction and Early History of Ion Linacs We begin our discussion of ion linacs with some general observations about linacs. In a radiofrequency (RF) linac, the beam is accelerated by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields with a harmonic time dependence. The RF linear accelerator is classified as a resonance accelerator. Because both ends of the structure are grounded, a linac can easily be constructed as a modular array of accelerating structures, and there is no physical limit to the energy gain in a linac. The first formal proposal and experimental test of a linac was by Rolf Wideroe in 1928,' but linear accelerators that were useful for research in nuclear and elementary particle research did not appear until after the developments of microwave technology during World War 11, stimulated by radar programs. Since then, the progress has been rapid, and today the linac is not only a useful research tool but is also being developed for many other important applications. A main advantage of the linear accelerator is its capability for producing high-energy, and high-intensity charged-particle beams of high beam quality, where beam quality can be related to a capability for producing a small beam diameter or small angular spread, and small time spread of the beam pulses or small energy spread. Other attractive characteristics include the following: (a) strong focusing can easily be provided to confine a high-intensity beam; (b) the beam traverses the structure in a single pass, and therefore repetitive error conditions causing destructive beam resonances are avoided; (c) because the beam travels in a straight line, there is no power loss from synchrotron radiation, which is a limitation for high-energy electron beams in circular accelerators; (d) injection and extraction are simpler than in circular accelerators, since the natural orbit of the linac is open at each end; special techniques for efficient beam injection and extraction are unnecessary; (e) the Iinac can operate at any duty factor, all the way to 100% duty or a continuous-wave (CW). For proton and deuteron linacs, modern applications include: (a) injectors to high-energy synchrotrons for elementary-particle-physics research, (b) high- energy linacs for CW spoliation neutron sources used for condensed matter and materials research, production of nuclear fuel, transmutation of nuclear wastes, and accelerator-driven fission-reactor concepts, (c) CW neutron sources for 1
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