Physics and Chemistry Basis of Biotechnology

332 Pages·2002·6.356 MB·English

by  Aleksey Nedoluzhko, Trevor Douglas (auth.), Marcel De Cuyper, Jeff W. M. Bulte (eds.)

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY BASIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 7
FOCUS ON BIOTECHNOLOGY
Volume7
SeriesEditors
MARCELHOFMAN
Centrefor Veterinary andAgrochemical Research, Tervuren, Belgium
JOZEF ANNÉ
Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Belgium
Volume Editors
MARCEL DE CUYPER
Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven
Interdisciplinaire Research Center, Kortrijk, Belgium
JEFF W.M. BULTE
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
COLOPHON
Focus on Biotechnology is an open-ended series of reference volumes produced by
Kluwer Academic Publishers BV in co-operation with the Branche Belge de la Société
de Chimie Industrielle a.s.b.1.
The initiative has been taken in conjunction with the Ninth European Congress on
Biotechnology. ECB9 has been supported by the Commission of the European
Communities, the General Directorate for Technology, Research and Energy of the
Wallonia Region, Belgium and J. Chabert, Minister for Economy of the Brussels Capital
Region.
Physics and Chemistry
Basis of Biotechnology
Volume 7
Edited by
MARCEL DE CUYPER
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Interdisciplinaire Research Center, Kortrijk, Belgium
and
JEFF W.M. BULTE
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
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EDITORS PREFACE
At the end of the 20th century, a tremendous progress was made in biotechnology in its
widest sense. This progress was largely possible as a result of joint efforts of top
academic researchers in both pure fundamental sciences and applied research. The
surplus value of such interdisciplinary approaches was clearly highlighted during the
9th European Congress on Biotechnology that was held in Brussels, Belgium (11-15
July, 1999).
The present volume in the ‘Focus on Biotechnology’ series, entiteld ‘Physics and
Chemistry Basis for Biotechnology’ contains selected presentations from this meeting,
A collection of experts has made serious efforts to present some of the latest
developments in various scientific fields and to unveil prospective evolutions on the
threshold of the new millenium. In all contributions the emphasis is on emerging new
areas of research in which physicochemical principles form the foundation.
In reading the different chapters, it appears that more than ever significant advances
in biotechnology very often depend on breakthroughs in the biotechnology itself (e.g.
new instruments, production devices, detection methods), which - in turn - can be
realized by implementing the appropriate physical and chemical principles into the new
application. This ‘common’ pattern is illustrated in the different chapters. Some highly
relevant, next generation scientific topics that are treated deal with de novo synthesis of
materials for gene transfection, imaging contrast agents, radiotherapy, aroma
measurements, psychrophilic environments, biomimetic materials, bioradicals,
biosensors, and more. Given the diversity of the selected topics, we are confident that
scientists with an open mind, who are looking for new frontiers, will find several
chapters of particular interest. Some of the topics will give useful, up-to-date
information on scientific aspects that may be either right in, or at the interface of their
own field of research.
We would like to thank the many authors who did such an excellent job in writing
and submitting their papers to us. It was enjoyable to interact with them, and there is no
question that the pressure we put on many of them was worthwhile.
Marcel De Cuyper Jeff W.M. Bulte
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EDITORS PREFACE ................................................................................................ V
Biomimetic materials synthesis ................................................................................... 9
Aleksey Nedoluzhko and Trevor Douglas ........................................................ 9
Abstract ................................................................................................................. 9
1 . Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9
2 . Principles ........................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Nucleation .................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Growth .......................................................................................................... 11
2.3. Biomolecules and supramolecular assemblies as templates for crystal
growth .............................................................................................................. 12
3 . Examples .............................................................................................................. 12
3.1. Proteins ...................................................................................................................12
3.1 . 1. Ferritin ................................................................................................ 13
3.1.2. Bacterial S-Layers ........................................................................... ......... 14
3.1.3. Anisotropic Structures -Tobacco Mosaic Virus ................................... 15
3.1.4. Spherical Virus Protein Cages ........................................................... 16
3.2. Synthetic polyamides -Dendrimers ........................................................... 17
3.3. Gels ........................................................................................................... 17
3.4. Composite materials ................................................................................. 18
3.5. Organized surfactant assemblies ............................................................... 19
3.5.1. Confined surfactant assemblies .......................................................... 19
3.5.1.1. Reverse micelles (water-in-oil microemulsions) ....................... 19
3.5.1.2. Oil-in-water micelles .................................................................. 24
3.5.1.3. Vesicles ..................................................................................... 24
3.5.2. Layered surfactant assemblies .......................................................... 25
3.5.2.1. Surfactantmonolayers andLangmuir-Blodgettfilms.............25
3.5.2.2. Self-assembled films ................................................................ 27
3.6. Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials ........................................................ 28
3.6.1. Liquid crystal templating mechanism ............................................. 28
3.6.2. Synthesisofbiomimeticmaterialswithcomplexarchitecture.......31
3.7. Synthesis of inorganic materials using polynucleotides ....................... 32
3.7.1. Synthesis not involving specific nucleotide-nucleotide interactions
................................................................................................................... 32
3.7.2. Synthesis involving nucleotide-nucleotide interactions ................. 34
3.8. Biological synthesis of novel materials .................................................. 37
3.9. Organization of Nanoparticles into Ordered Structures ......................... 37
References ......................................................................................................... 39
Dendrimers: .......................................................................................................... 47
Chemical principles and biotechnology applications ............................................ 47
L . Henry Bryant, Jr . and Jeff W.M. Bulte ..................................................... 47
1
summary ........................................................................................................... 47
1 . Synthesis ....................................................................................................... 47
1 . 1. Divergent ................................................................................................ 48
1.2. Convergent ............................................................................................. 49
1.3. Heteroatom ............................................................................................. 49
1.4. Solid phase .............................................................................................. 51
1.5. Other ........................................................................................................ 51
2 . Characterisation ............................................................................................. 52
3 . Biotechnology applications ........................................................................... 53
3.1. Biomolecules .......................................................................................... 53
3.2. Glycobiology .......................................................................................... 55
3.3. Peptide dendrimers ................................................................................. 56
3.4. Boron neutron capture therapy ............................................................... 57
3.5. MR imaging agents ................................................................................ 58
3.6. Metal encapsulation ............................................................................... 60
3.7. Transfection agents ................................................................................ 60
3.8. Dendritic box .......................................................................................... 62
4 . Concluding remarks ...................................................................................... 63
References ......................................................................................................... 63
Rational design of P450 enzymes for biotechnology ............................................. 71
Sheila J . Sadeghi. Georgia E . Tsotsou, Michael Fairhead. Yergalem T .
Meharenna and Gianfranco Gilardi .................................................................... 71
Abstract .............................................................................................................. 71
1 . Introduction ................................................................................................... 72
1 . 1. Interprotein Electron Transfer ................................................................ 72
1.2. Structure-function of cytochrome P450 enzymes .................................. 75
1.2.1. P450 redox chains ........................................................................... 75
1.2.2. P450 catalysis .................................................................................. 76
1.2.3. Bacterial P450s in biotechnology .................................................... 76
1.2.4. P450s in drug metabolism ............................................................... 78
1.3. Chimeras of P450 enzymes .................................................................... 79
1.3.1, Bacterial P450-P450-reductase fusion protein systems ................. 80
1.3.2. Plant P450-P450-reductase fusion proteins ..................................... 80
1.3.3. Plant/mammalianP450-P450-reductasefusionproteins................80
1.3.4. Mammalian fusion proteins .............................................................. 81
1.4. Biosensing ............................................................................................... 81
2 . Engineering artificial redox chains ............................................................... 84
3 . Screening methods for P450 activity ............................................................ 90
3.1. Assay methods for P450-linked activity ................................................ 90
3.2. Development of a new high-through-put screening method for
NAD(P)H linked activity ........................................................................ 91
3.3. Validity of the new screening method .................................................... 93
4 . Designing a human/bacterial 2E1-BM3 P450 enzyme ................................. 94
4.1. Modelling ............................................................................................... 95
4.2. Construction ........................................................................................... 96
2
4.3. Expression and functionality .................................................................. 96
5 . Conclusions ................................................................................................... 97
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 98
References ........................................................................................................ 98
Amperometric enzyme-based biosensors for application in food and beverage
industry .............................................................................................................. .105
Elisabeth Csöregi, Szilveszter GÁspÁr, Mihaela Niculescu, Bo Mattiasson.
Wolfgang Schuhmann ..................................................................................... 105
Summary ......................................................................................................... 105
1 . Biosensors -Fundamentals ......................................................................... 106
2 . Prerequisites for application of biosensors in food industry ....................... 107
3.Existingbiosensorconfigurations andrelatedelectron-transferpathways 107
3.1. Biosensors based on O2or H2O2detection ........................................... 109
3.2. Biosensors based on free-diffusing redox mediators ........................... 110
3.3. Integrated sensor designs (reagentless biosensors) .............................. 113
4 . Selected practical examples ........................................................................ 115
4.1. Redox hydrogel integrated peroxidase based hydrogen peroxide
biosensors .................................................................................................... 115
4.2. Amine oxidase-based biosensors for monitoring of fish freshness ...... 117
4.3. Alcohol biosensors based on alcohol dehydrogenase .......................... 119
5 . Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors for monitoring in different
biotechnological processes .............................................................................. 123
6. Conclusions . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 125
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 125
References ....................................................................................................... 126
Supportedlipidmembranesforreconstitutionofmembraneproteins...............131
Britta Lindholm-Sethson ............................................................................. 131
Abstract ........................................................................................................... 131
1 .Introduction ................................................................................................ 131
2 . Objective ..................................................................................................... 132
2.1. The plasma membrane ......................................................................... 132
2.2. The artificial cell membrane ..................................................................... 132
2.2.1. Unsupported artificial bilayer membranes .................................... 133
2.2.2. Supported artificial bilayer membranes (s-BLMs) ........................ 134
2.2.2.1. Formation of s-BLMs ............................................................. 134
2.2.2.2. Reconstitution of membrane proteins into the membrane ..... 134
2.2.3. Various methods of investigation ................................................. . 134
3 . s-BLMs in close contact with the solid support .........................................136
3.1. Langmuir-Blodgett films on solid supports .......................................... 136
3.1.1. Pure phospholipid films ................................................................ 137
3.1.2. s-BLM as receptor surface ............................................................ 138
3.1.3. s-BLM with ion channels and/or ionophores ................................ 138
3.1.4. s-BLM with other integral membrane proteins ............................. 138
3.2. Vesicle fusion ....................................................................................... 139
3.2.1. LB/vesicle method and/or direct fusion ........................................ 139
3
3.2.1 . 1. Structure, fluidity and formation of s-BLMs............................139
3.2.1.2. s-BLM with membrane proteins ..................................................141
3.2.2. Hybrid bilayer membranes (HBMs) ...................................................143
3.2.2.1. HBM as receptor surface and in immunological responses ... 144
3.2.2.2. HBM and membrane proteins .....................................................145
3.3. Selfassembled bilayers on solid or gel supports ........................................147
4 . s-BLMs with an aqueous reservoir trapped between the solid support and the
membrane............................................................................................................150
4.1. Tethered lipid membranes ........................................................................150
4.2. Polymer cushioned bilayer lipid membranes ............................................154
5 . Phospholipid monolayers at the mercury/water interface, “Miller -Nelson
films”...................................................................................................................156
6 . Conclusions .....................................................................................................158
References...........................................................................................................159
Functional structure of the secretin receptor ............................................................167
P . Robberecht, M . Waelbroeck, and N . Moguilevsky ...................................167
Abstract................................................................................................................167
1 . Introduction ....................................................................................................167
2 . The secretin receptor ......................................................................................168
2.1. General architecture ..................................................................................168
2.2. Functional domains ..................................................................................170
2.2.1. Ligand binding domain ......................................................................170
2.2.2. Coupling of the receptor to the G protein ..........................................172
2.2.3. Desensitisation of the receptor ...........................................................172
3 . Conclusions and perspectives .........................................................................172
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................174
References...........................................................................................................174
Cold-adapted enzymes .............................................................................................177
D.Georlette,M.Bentahir,P.Claverie,T.Collins,S.D’amico,D.Delille.
G . Feller, E . Gratia, A . Hoyoux, T . Lonhienne, M-A . Meuwis, L . Zecchinon
and Ch . Gerday ...................................................................................................177
1 . Introduction ....................................................................................................178
2 . Enzymes and low temperatures ......................................................................178
3 . Cold-adaptation: generality and strategies ......................................................179
4 . Kinetic evolved-parameters ........................................................................ 180
5 . Activity/thermolability/flexibility ..................................................................182
6 . Structural comparisons ...................................................................................185
7 . Fundamental and biotechnological applications .............................................187
8 . Conclusions ....................................................................................................189
Acknowledgements.............................................................................................190
References...........................................................................................................190
Molecular and cellular magnetic resonance contrast agents ....................................197
J.W.M. Bulte and L.H. Bryant Jr .....................................................................197
Summary..............................................................................................................197
1 . Introduction ....................................................................................................197
4
2 . Magnetically labelled antibodies ....................................................................198
3 . Other magnetically labelled ligands ...............................................................200
4 . Magnetically labelled cells .............................................................................201
5 . Axonal and neuronal tracing ...........................................................................203
6 . Imaging of gene expression and enzyme activity ...........................................204
7 . Conclusions ....................................................................................................206
References...........................................................................................................206
Radioactive microspheres for medical applications .................................................213
Urs Häfeli .........................................................................................................213
Summary..............................................................................................................213
1. Definition of microspheres ..............................................................................213
2 . Applications and in vivo fate of microspheres ................................................214
3 . General properties of radioactive microspheres ..............................................217
3.1. Alpha-emitters..........................................................................................217
3.2. Beta-emitters.............................................................................................218
3.3. Gamma-emitters.......................................................................................220
4 . Preparation of radioactive microspheres .........................................................221
4.1. Radiolabeling during the microsphere preparation ...................................222
4.2 Radiolabeling after the microsphere preparation .......................................224
4.3. Radiolabelingbyneutronactivation ofpre-mademicrospheres.........226
4.4. Insituneutroncapturetherapyusingnon-radioactive microspheres..228
5 . Diagnostic uses of radioactive microspheres ..................................................229
6 . Therapeutic uses of radioactive microspheres ................................................234
6.1. Therapy with alpha-emitting microspheres ...............................................234
6.2. Therapy with beta-emitting microspheres .................................................235
7 . Considerations for the use of radioactive microspheres ..................................240
References............................................................................................................242
Radiation-induced bioradicals: ................................................................................249
Physical. chemical and biological aspects ...............................................................249
Wim Mondelaers and Philippe Lahorte ...........................................................249
Abstract................................................................................................................249
1 . Introduction ....................................................................................................249
2 . The interaction of ionising radiation with matter ............................................251
3 . The physical stage ...........................................................................................254
3.1. Direct ionizing radiations .........................................................................254
3.2. Indirect ionizing radiations .......................................................................256
3.3. Linear Energy Transfer (LET) ..................................................................257
3.4. Dose and dose equivalent .........................................................................257
3.5. Induced radioactivity ................................................................................258
4 . The physicochemical stage .............................................................................259
5 . The chemical stage ..........................................................................................261
5.1. Radical reactions with biomolecules ........................................................262
5.1 . 1. Radiation damage to DNA ...............................................................263
5.1.2. Radiation damage to proteins .............................................................265
5.1.3. Radiation damage to lipids and polysaccharides ................................266
5