Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change: Part 2

471 Pages·1988·11.448 MB·English

by  G. R. North (auth.), M. E. Schlesinger (eds.)

Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation
of Climate and Climatic Change
Part 2
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences -Vol. 243
Physically-Based Modell in g
and Simulation of Climate
and Climatic Change
Part 2
edited by
M. E. Schlesinger
Department of Atmospheric Sciences,
Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change
(Part 2)
Erice, Italy
11-23 May 1986
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Physically-based lIodelllng and slliulation of cllute and C11118tlC
change proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held In
ErIca. Italy. 11-23 May 1986 I edited by M.E. SchleSinger.
p. CII. -- {NATO ASI series. Series C. Mathenatlcal and
physical SCiences; no. 243)
Papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Inst 1 tute on
Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and ClimatiC
Change.
Includes bibliographies and Index.
(v.'0 2)
Cl"w,atology--Matheillatical mOdels--Corogresses. 2. ClimatiC
changes--P.lathellat 1c a 1 'liode Is--Congresses. 3. Atmospher 1C
C ,reu lat 1o n--Matheut 1c a I lIode ls--Congresses. 4. Ocean-atmosphere
1n teract I on--Matheut I ca 1 lIode 1s --Congresses. I. Sch les Inger, M.
E. (Michael E.' II. NATO Advanced Study Institute on PhYSically
-Based Modelling and SlIlulatlon of Climate and ClimatIC Change 11988
Erlce, SICily' III. Series.
OC980.P48 1988
551.6'072'4--dc1g 88-13468
CIP
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7868-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3043-8
001: 10.10071978-94-009-3043-8
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
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D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk, and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
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In all other countries, sold and distributed
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P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
All Rights Reserved
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate
page within
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
ALL ASI SERIES BOOKS PUBLISHED AS A RESULT OF
ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL PROGRAMME ON
GLOBAL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE GEO-SCIENCES
This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held within the
programme of activities of the NATO Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms
in the Geo-Sciences running from 1983 to 1988 as part of the activities of the NATO Science
Committee.
Other books previously published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are
BUAT-MENARD, P. (Ed.) - The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (CI85) 1986
CAZENAVE, A. (Ed.) - Earth Rotation: Solved and Unsolved Problems (CI87) 1986
WILLEBRAND, I. and ANDERSON, D. L. T. (Eds.) - Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans
and Atmosphere (CI90) 1986
NICOLlS, C. and NICOllS, G. (Eds.) - Irreversible Phenomena and Dynamical Systems Analysis
in Geosciences (CI92) 1986
PARSONS, 1. (Ed.) - Origins ofI gneous Layering (CI96) 1987
LOPER, E. (Ed.) - Structure and Dynamics of Partially Solidified Systems (E125) 1987
VAUGHAN, R. A. (Ed.) - Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology (C201)
1987
BERGER, W. H. and LABEYRIE, L. D. (Eds.) - Abrupt Climatic Change - Evidence and Implica
tions (C216) 1987
VISCONTI, G. and GARCIA, R. (Eds.) - Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere (C2I3)
1987
SIMMERS, 1. (Ed.) - Estimation ofN atural Recharge of Groundwater (C222) 1987
HELGESON, H. c. (Ed.) - Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes (C218) 1987
CUSTODIO, E., GURGUI, A. and LOBO FERREIRA, I. P. (Eds.) - Groundwater Flow and Quality
Modelling (C224) 1987
ISAKSEN,I.S.A (Ed.) - Tropospheric Ozone (C227) 1988
ALLey near San Rocco, Erice by David Warrilow
To the memory of Fred Luther
TABLE OF Q)NTENTS
FOREHORD xiii
PREFACE xv
LIST OF LECTURERS
x~x
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
xx~
VOLUME II
PART IV - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SIMPLIFIED
CLIMATE MODELS
NORTH, G. R. - Lessons from Energy Balance Models 627
SCHLESINGER, M. E. - Quantitative Analysis of Feedbacks in
Climate Model Simulations of CO2-Induced Warming 653
SALTZMAN, B. - Modelling the Slow Climatic Attractor 737
MACCRACKEN, M. C. and S. J. GHAN - Design and Use of Zonally-
Averaged Climate Models 755
PART V - VALIDATION OF CLIMATE MODELS
OORT, A. H. - Climate Observations and Diagnostics 813
WIGLEY, T. M. L. and B. D. SANTER - Validation of General
Circulation Climate Models 841
PART VI - APPLICATION OF GENERAL CIRCULATION CLIMATE MODELS
CROWLEY, T. J. - Paleoclimate Modelling 883
BRYAN, K. and S. MANABE - Ocean Circulation in Warm and
Cold Climates 951
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
PHILANDER, S. G. H. and N.-C. LAU - Predictability of El Nino 967
CHERVIN, R. M. - Predictability of Time-averaged
Atmospheric States 983
MITCHELL, J. F. B. - Simulation of Climate Change due to
Increased Atmospheric CO2 1009
CHERVIN, R. M. - On the Relationship Between Computer
Technology and Climate Modelling 1053
INDEX 1069
VOLUME I
PART I - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS
OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Section 1 - Introduction
GATES, W. L. - Climate and the Climate System 3
SIMMONS, A. J. and L. BENGTSSON - Atmospheric General Circulation
Models: Their Design and Use for Climate Studies 23
Section 2 - Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamics
ARAKAWA, A. - Finite-Difference Methods in Climate Modeling 79
BOURKE, W. - Spectral Methods in Global Climate and Weather
Prediction Models 169
Section 3 - Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Physical Processes
FOUQUART, Y. - Radiative Transfer in Climate Models 223
LAVAL, K. - Land Surface Processes 285
SELLERS, P. J., Y. MINTZ, Y. C. SUD and A. DALCHER - A Brief
Description of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) 307
SOMMERIA, G. - Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary
Layer in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models 331
TIEDTKE, M. - Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in
Large-Scale Models 375
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
SUNDQVIST, H. - Parameterization of Condensation and
Associated Clouds in Models for Weather Prediction and
General Circulation Simulation 433
PART II - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE
OCEAN AND SEA ICE
HAN, Y.-J. - Modelling and Simulation of the General
Circulation of the Ocean 465
HIBLER, W. D. - Modelling Sea Ice Thermodynamics and Dynamics
in Climate Studies 509
PART III - METHODS OF COUPLING ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN AND ICE MODELS
BRYAN, K. - Efficient Methods for Finding the Equilibrium
Climate of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models 567
HASSELMANN, K. - Some Problems in the Numerical Simulation of
Climate Variability Using High-Resolution Coupled Models 583
INDEX 615