Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites

664 Pages·2010·21.498 MB·English

by  S C Tjong, Y W Mai

Advances in polymer nanocomposites
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Advances in polymer
nanocomposites
Types and applications
Edited by
Fengge Gao
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
www.woodheadpublishingonline.com
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First published 2012, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945570
ISBN 978-1-84569-940-6 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-624-1 (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Preface xvii
Part I Types of polymer nanocomposites according
to fi llers 1
1 Processing of nanotube-based nanocomposites 3
V. M. K ARBHARI , University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA and
C. T. LO VE , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Structure of carbon nanotubes 5
1.3 Processing methods for nanotube-based polymer
nanocomposites 10
1.4 Nanotube alignment 19
1.5 Properties and characteristics 23
1.6 Future trends 27
1.7 References 28
2 Environmental life-cycle assessment of polymer
nanocomposites 33
V. K HANNA , University of Pittsburgh, USA and L. ME RUGULA and
B. R. BA KSHI , The Ohio State University, USA
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 The life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach to nanotechnology 34
2.3 The environmental LCA of polymer nanocomposites 38
2.4 Future trends and alternate approaches for evaluating
emerging technologies 48
2.5 Conclusions 51
2.6 References 52
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3 Calcium carbonate nanocomposites 55
Y. L IN and C.-M. C HAN , The Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology, PR China
3.1 Introduction: applications of calcium carbonate nanoparticles 55
3.2 Calcium carbonate as fi ller material 55
3.3 The toughening mechanisms of polymers fi lled with
precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) nanoparticles 81
3.4 Conclusions 86
3.5 References 87
4 Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as functional
fi llers in polymer nanocomposites 91
J. I. V ELASCO , M. A RDANUY and M. A NTUNES , Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, Spain
4.1 Introduction: the role of layered double hydroxides (LDHs)
as reinforcements 91
4.2 Preparation of hybrid LDHs for polymer nanocomposites 93
4.3 Nanocomposite preparation routes 98
4.4 Structure of polymer–LDH nanocomposites 102
4.5 Properties 106
4.6 Applications and future trends 117
4.7 Conclusions 121
4.8 Sources of further information and advice 121
4.9 References 122
5 Cellulose nanoparticles as reinforcement in polymer
nanocomposites 131
E. C. RA MIRES , Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil and
A. D UFRESNE , Grenoble Institute of Technology – INP, France
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Preparation of cellulose nanoparticles 133
5.3 Preparation of cellulose nanocomposites from different
processes and polymeric matrices 138
5.4 Properties and applications of nanocomposites reinforced
with cellulose nanoparticles 146
5.5 Conclusions and future trends 153
5.6 Sources of further information and advice 154
5.7 Acknowledgements 155
5.8 References 155
6 Metal–polymer nanocomposites 164
G. H ENESS , University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
6.1 Introduction: the role of nanoparticles
as reinforcement 164
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
6.2 Techniques for reinforcement 165
6.3 Properties of polymer composites reinforced with metal
nanoparticles 169
6.4 Alternative applications of metal–polymer nanocomposites 170
6.5 Future trends 171
6.6 Sources of further information and advice 172
6.7 References 173
Part II Types of polymer nanocomposites according
to base 179
7 Polyolefi n-based polymer nanocomposites 181
T. KU ILA , Chonbuk National University,
Republic of Korea, T. TR IPATHY , Midnapore College, West Bengal,
India and J. H EE LE E , Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Preparation of polymer nanocomposites 182
7.3 Different kinds of nanofi llers used in the preparation of
polymer nanocomposites 183
7.4 Characterization of polymer nanocomposites 184
7.5 Properties of polymer nanocomposites 185
7.6 Application of polyolefi n nanocomposites 207
7.7 Conclusions and future trends 208
7.8 References 209
8 Poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)-based nanocomposites 216
M. G ILBERT , Loughborough University, UK
8.1 Introduction 216
8.2 Poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) 217
8.3 Manufacturing techniques 223
8.4 Nanofi llers 223
8.5 Effects of nanofi llers 226
8.6 Opportunities and problems 230
8.7 Future trends 230
8.8 Sources of further information and advice 230
8.9 References 231
9 Nylon-based polymer nanocomposites 238
S.-H. L IM , Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology
(Simtech), Singapore and A. DA SARI , Nanyang Technological
University (NTU), Singapore and Madrid Institute for Advanced
Studies of Materials (IMDEA Materials Institute), Spain
9.1 Introduction 238
9.2 Types of nanoparticle and their modifi cation 239
9.3 Current manufacturing techniques 247
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
9.4 Structures and properties 251
9.5 Applications of nylon-based polymers 265
9.6 Future trends 267
9.7 Acknowledgements 268
9.8 References 268
10 Clay-containing poly(ethylene terephthalate)
(PET)-based polymer nanocomposites 277
J. B ANDYOPADHYAY , National Centre for Nanostructured Materials,
Republic of South Africa and S. SI NHA R AY , National Centre for
Nanostructured Materials, Republic of South Africa and University of
Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
10.1 Introduction: the importance of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
(PET)-based nanocomposites 277
10.2 Types of PET-based nanocomposite 279
10.3 Preparative methods 279
10.4 Structural characterization 287
10.5 Properties of nanocomposites 288
10.6 Applications of PET-based nanocomposites 312
10.7 Future trends 314
10.8 Acknowledgements 315
10.9 References 315
11 Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer
nanocomposites 321
D. J. M ARTIN , A.F. O SMAN , Y. A NDRIANI and G. A. ED WARDS ,
University of Queensland, Australia
11.1 Introduction: the potential of thermoplastic polyurethane
(TPU) nanocomposites 321
11.2 TPU nanocomposites: structure, processing, properties,
and performance 323
11.3 TPU nanocomposites as potential biomaterials 337
11.4 Future trends 341
11.5 References 342
12 Soft polymer nanocomposites and gels 351
K. H ARAGUCHI , Kawamura Institute of Chemical Research,
Japan
12.1 Introduction 351
12.2 Nanocomposite (NC) gels 352
12.3 Soft polymer nanocomposites (M-NCs) 385
12.4 Applications and future trends 390
12.5 Sources of further information and advice 391
12.6 References 391
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
13 Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites 398
A. R. M C LA UCHLIN , University of Exeter, UK and N. L. TH OMAS ,
Loughborough University, UK
13.1 Introduction 398
13.2 Biodegradable polymers 402
13.3 Methods of production of biodegradable polymer
nanocomposites 413
13.4 Properties of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites 416
13.5 Applications of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites 421
13.6 References 423
Part III Applications of polymer nanocomposites 431
14 Polymer nanocomposites in fuel cells 433
H.-W. R HEE and L.-J. G HIL , Sogang University, South Korea
14.1 Introduction 433
14.2 Using polymer nanocomposites in fuel cells 437
14.3 Conclusions and future trends 464
14.4 Acknowledgements 465
14.5 References 466
15 Polymer nanocomposites for aerospace applications 472
J. N JUGUNA , K. P IELICHOWSKI and J. F AN , Cranfi eld University,
UK and Cracow University of Technology, Poland
15.1 Introduction 472
15.2 Types of fi bre-reinforced polymer (FRP) nanocomposites 473
15.3 Sandwich structures using polymer nanocomposites 499
15.4 Properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites 500
15.5 Future trends: opportunities and challenges 524
15.6 Conclusions 529
15.7 Acknowledgements 530
15.8 References 530
16 Flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites 540
J.-M. L OPEZ -C UESTA , Ecole des Mines d’Alès, France
16.1 Introduction 540
16.2 Benefi ts and advantages of polymer nanocomposites for
fl ame retardancy 541
16.3 The role of nanoparticles in improving the fl ame retardancy
of polymers 547
16.4 Methods of incorporating nanoparticles as fl ame-retardant
components in polymers 557
16.5 Practical examples 562
16.6 Future trends 563
16.7 References 564
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012