Physical Chemistry – Volume in the Instant Notes Chemistry Series – Bios-Taylor&Francis PDF
Preview Physical Chemistry – Volume in the Instant Notes Chemistry Series – Bios-Taylor&Francis
Instant Notes Physical Chemistry The INSTANT NOTES series Series editor B.D.Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology Ecology Microbiology Genetics Chemistry for Biologists Immunology Biochemistry 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Forthcoming titles Psychology Developmental Biology Plant Biology The INSTANT NOTES Chemistry series Consulting editor: Howard Stanbury Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Forthcoming title Analytical Chemistry Instant Notes Physical Chemistry A.G.Whittaker, A.R.Mount & M.R.Heal Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK © BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, 2000 First published 2000 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-00992-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 1 85996 194 0 (Print Edition) BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd 9 Newtec Place, Magdalen Road, Oxford OX4 1RE, UK Tel. +44 (0)1865 726286. Fax +44 (0)1865 246823 World Wide Web home page: http://www.bios.co.uk/ Published in the United States of America, its dependent territories and Canada by Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010–7858, in association with BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. Published in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Cambodia, Korea, The Philippines, Brunei, Laos and Macau only by Springer-Verlag Hong Kong Ltd, Unit 1702, Tower 1, Enterprise Square, 9 Sheung Yuet Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, in association with BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Production Editor: Paul Barlass CONTENTS Abbreviations ix Preface xi 1 Section A— States of matter A1 Perfect gases 2 A2 Molecular behavior in perfect gases 6 A3 Non-ideal gases 11 A4 Liquids 16 A5 Crystalline solids 22 A6 Diffraction by solids 28 34 Section B— Thermodynamics B1 The first law 35 B2 Enthalpy 41 B3 Thermochemistry 44 B4 Entropy 50 B5 Entropy and change 55 B6 Free energy 59 64 Section C— Equilibria C1 Fundamentals of equilibria 65 C2 Fundamentals of acids and bases 74 C3 Further acids and bases 77 C4 Acid-base titrations 82 C5 Solubility 87 91 Section D— Solutions D1 Non-electrolyte solutions 92 D2 Solutions 95 D3 Colligative properties 97 D4 Phase equilibria 102 D5 Phase diagrams of mixtures 107 118 Section E— Ionic solutions E1 Ions in aqueous solution 119 E2 Thermodynamics of ions in solution 123 E3 Electrochemical cells 127 E4 Electrochemical thermodynamics 131 E5 Electrochemistry and ion concentration 137 E6 Macroscopic aspects of ionic motion 142 E7 Molecular aspects of ionic motion 147 E8 The motion of larger ions 150 154 Section F— Kinetics F1 Empirical approaches to kinetics 155 F2 Rate law determination 162 F3 Energetics and mechanisms 171 F4 Formulation of rate laws 179 F5 Rate laws in action 184 F6 The kinetics of real systems 192 201 Section G— Quantum nature of the physical world G1 Nuclear structure 202 G2 Applications of nuclear structure 207 G3 Quantization of energy and particle-wave duality 212 G4 The wave nature of matter 220 G5 The structure of the hydrogen atom 231 G6 Many-electron atoms 240 G7 Chemical and structural effects of quantization 246 G8 Statistical thermodynamics 252 259 Section H— Bonding H1 Elementary valence theory 260 H2 Valence bond theory 265 H3 Molecular orbital theory of diatomic molecules I 271 H4 Molecular orbital theory of diatomic molecules II 277 H5 Strong solid phase interactions 287 H6 Weak intermolecular interactions 295 303 Section I— Spectroscopy I1 General features of spectroscopy 304 I2 Practical aspects of spectroscopy 309 I3 Rotational spectroscopy 315 I4 Vibrational spectroscopy 322 I5 Applied vibrational spectroscopy 327 I6 Electronic spectroscopy 333 I7 Photochemistry in the real world 339 I8 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 344 Appendix— mathematical relations 353 Further reading 356 Index 360 ABBREVIATIONS amu atomic mass unit Bq Becquerel Ci Curie D debye emf electromotive force ES enzyme-substrate complex ESR electron spin resonance g gerade Gy gray LCAO linear combination of atomicorbitals LH left hand LHS left hand side NMR nuclear magnetic resonance ppm parts per million RH right hand RHS right hand side rms root mean square TMS tetramethylsilane u ungerade
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