Physical-chemical treatment of water and wastewater

815 Pages·2002·22.67 MB·English

by  A. P. Sincero, G. A. Sincero

PHYSICAL–CHEMICAL
TREATMENT OF WATER
AND WASTEWATER
PHYSICAL–CHEMICAL
TREATMENT OF WATER
AND WASTEWATER
Arcadio P. Sincero Sr., D.Sc., P.E.
Morgan State University
Baltimore, Maryland
Gregoria A. Sincero, M. Eng., P.E.
Department of the Environment
State of Maryland
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sincero, Arcadio P. (Arcadio Pacquiao)
Physical–chemical treatment of water and wastewater / Arcadio Pacquiao Sincero, Sr.,
Gregoria Alivio Sincero.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58716-124-9 (alk. paper)
1. Water—Purification. 2. Sewage—Purification. I. Sincero, Gregoria A. (Gregoria Alivio)
II. Title
TD430 .S47 2002
628.1′62—dc21 2002023757
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
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© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero
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Preface
This textbook is intended for undergraduate students in their junior and senior years
in environmental, civil, and chemical engineering, and students in other disciplines
who are required to take the course in physical–chemical treatment of water and
wastewater. This book is also intended for graduate students in the aforementioned
disciplines as well as practicing professionals in the field of environmental engi-
neering. These professionals include plant personnel involved in the treatment of
water and wastewater, consulting engineers, public works engineers, environmental
engineers, civil engineers, chemical engineers, etc. They are normally employed in
consulting firms, city and county public works departments, and engineering depart-
ments of industries, and in various water and wastewater treatment plants in cities,
municipalities, and industries. These professionals are also likely to be employed in
government agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and state
agencies such as the Maryland Department of the Environment.
The prerequisites for this textbook are general chemistry, mathematics up to
calculus, and fluid mechanics. In very few instances, an elementary knowledge of
calculus is used, but mostly the mathematical treatment makes intensive use of
algebra. The entire contents of this book could be conveniently covered in two
semesters at three credits per semester. For schools offering only one course in
physical–chemical treatment of water and wastewater, this book gives the instructor
the liberty of picking the particular topics required in a given curriculum design.
After the student has been introduced to the preliminary topics of water and
wastewater characterization, quantitation, and population projection, this book covers
the unit operations and unit processes in the physical–chemical treatment of water
and wastewater. The unit operations cover flow measurements and flow and quality
equalization; pumping; screening, sedimentation, and flotation; mixing and floccu-
lation; conventional filtration; advanced filtration and carbon adsorption; and aeration,
absorption, and stripping. The unit processes cover water softening, water stabiliza-
tion, coagulation, removal of iron and manganese, removal of phosphorus, removal
of nitrogen, ion exchange, and disinfection.
The requirements for the treatment of water and wastewater are driven by the
Safe Drinking Water Act and Clean Water Act, which add more stringent require-
ments from one amendment to the next. For example, the act relating to drinking
water quality, known as the Interstate Quarantine Act of 1893, started with only the
promulgation of a regulation prohibiting the use of the common cup. At present, the
Safe Drinking Water Act requires the setting of drinking water regulations for some
83 contaminants. The act relating to water quality started with the prohibition of
obstructions in harbors as embodied in the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. At
present, the Clean Water Act requires that discharges into receiving streams meet
water quality standards; in fact, regulations such as those in Maryland have an
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antidegradation policy. In recent years, problems with Cryptosporidium parvum and
Giardia lamblia have come to the fore. Toxic substances are being produced by
industries every day which could end up in the community water supply. These acts
are technology forcing, which means that as we continue to discover more of the
harmful effects of pollutants on public health and welfare and the environment,
advanced technology will continue to be developed to meet the needs of treatment.
The discipline of environmental engineering has mostly been based on empirical
knowledge, and environmental engineering textbooks until recently have been writ-
ten in a descriptive manner. In the past, the rule of thumb was all that was necessary.
Meeting the above and similar challenges, however, would require more than just
empirical knowledge and would require stepping up into the next level of sophisti-
cation in treatment technology. For this reason, this textbook is not only descriptive
but is also analytical in nature. It is hoped that sound concepts and principles will
be added to the already existing large body of empirical knowledge in the discipline.
These authors believe that achieving the next generation of treatment requirements
would require the next level of sophistication in technology. To this end, a textbook
written to address the issue would have to be analytical in nature, in addition to
adequately describing the various unit operations and processes.
This book teaches both principles and design. Principles are enunciated in the
simplest way possible. Equations presented are first derived, except those that are
obtained empirically. Statements such as “It can be shown…” are not used in this
book. These authors believe in imparting the principles and concepts of the subject
matter, which may not be done by using “it-can-be-shown” statements. At the end
of each chapter, where appropriate, are numerous problems that can be worked out
by the students and assigned as homework by the instructor.
The question of determining the correct design flows needs to be addressed. Any
unit can be designed once the flow has been determined, but how was the flow
determined in the first place? Methods of determining the various design flows are
discussed in this book. These methods include the determination of the average daily
flow rate, maximum daily flow rate, peak hourly flow rate, minimum daily flow rate,
minimum hourly flow rate, sustained high flow rate, and sustained low flow rate.
What is really meant when a certain unit is said to be designed for the average
flow or for the peak flow or for any flow? The answer to this question is not as easy
as it may seem. This book uses the concept of the probability distribution to derive
these flows. On the other hand, the loss through a filter bed may need to be
determined or a deep-well pump may need to be specified. The quantity of sludge
for disposal produced from a water softening process may also be calculated. This
book uses fluid mechanics and chemistry without restraint to answer these design
problems.
Equivalents and equivalent mass are two troublesome and confusing concepts.
If the chemistry and environmental engineering literature were reviewed, these
subjects would be found to be not well explained. Equivalents and equivalent mass
in a unified fashion are explained herein using the concept of the reference species.
Throughout the unit processes section of this book, reference species as a method
is applied. Related to equivalents and equivalent mass is the dilemma of expressing
concentrations in terms of calcium carbonate. Why, for example, is the concentration
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of acidity expressed in terms of calcium carbonate when calcium carbonate is basic
and acidity is acidic? This apparent contradiction is addressed in this book.
As in any other textbook, some omissions and additions may have produced
some error in this book. The authors would be very grateful if the reader would
bring them to our attention.
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Acknowledgments
First, I acknowledge Dr. Joseph L. Eckenrode, former Publisher, Environmental
Science & Technology, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. Dr. Eckenrode was
very thorough in determining the quality, timeliness, and necessity of the manuscript.
It was only when he was completely satisfied through the strict peer review process
that he decided to negotiate for a contract to publish the book. Additionally, I
acknowledge Brian Kenet and Sara Seltzer Kreisman at CRC Press.
This book was written during my tenure at Morgan State University. I acknowl-
edge the administrators of this fine institution, in particular, Dr. Earl S. Richardson,
President; Dr. Clara I. Adams, Vice President for Academic Affairs; Dr. Eugene M
DeLoatch, Dean of the School of Engineering; and Dr. Reginald L. Amory, Chairman
of the Department of Civil Engineering. I make special mention of my colleague,
Dr. Robert Johnson, who was the acting Chairman of the Department of Civil
Engineering when I came on board. I also acknowledge my colleagues in the
department: Dr. Donald Helm, Prof. A. Bert Davy, Dr. Indranil Goswami, Dr. Jiang Li,
Dr. Iheanyi Eronini, Dr. Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein, Prof. Charles Oluokun, and
Prof. Neal Willoughby.
This acknowledgment would not be complete if I did not mention my advisor
in doctoral studies and three of my former professors at the Asian Institute of
Technology (A.I.T.) in Bangkok, Thailand. Dr. Bruce A. Bell was my advisor at the
George Washington University where I earned my doctorate in Environmental–Civil
Engineering. Dr. Roscoe F. Ward, Dr. Rolf T. Skrinde, and Prof. Mainwaring B. Pescod
were my former professors at A.I.T., where I earned my Masters in Environmental–
Civil Engineering.
I acknowledge and thank my wife, Gregoria, for contributing Chapter 2 (Con-
stituents of Water and Wastewater) and Chapter 7 (Conventional Filtration). I also
acknowledge my son, Roscoe, for contributing Chapter 17 (Disinfection). Gregoria
also contributed a chapter on solid waste management when I wrote my first book
Environmental Engineering: A Design Approach. This book was published by Pren-
tice Hall and is being adopted as a textbook by several universities here and abroad.
This book has been recommended as a material for review in obtaining the Diplomate
in Environmental Engineering from the Academy of Environmental Engineers.
Lastly, I dedicate this book to members of my family: Gregoria, my wife; Roscoe
and Arcadio Jr., my sons; the late Gaudiosa Pacquiao Sincero, my mother; Santiago
Encarguiz Sincero, my father; and the late Aguido and the late Teodora Managase
Alivio, my father-in-law and my mother-in-law, respectively. I also dedicate this
book to my brother Meliton and to his wife Nena; to my sister Anelda and to her
husband Isidro; to my other sister Feliza and to her husband Martin; and to my
brother-in-law Col. Miguel M. Alivio, MD and to his wife Isabel. My thoughts also
go to my other brothers-in-law: the late Tolentino and his late wife Mary, Maximino
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and his wife Juanita, Restituto and his wife Ignacia, the late Anselmo and his wife
Silvina, and to my sisters-in-law: the late Basilides and her late husband Dr. Alfonso
Madarang, Clarita and her late husband Elpidio Zamora, Luz and her husband
Perpetuo Apale, and Estelita.
Arcadio P. Sincero
Morgan State University
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About the Authors
Arcadio P. Sincero is Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at Morgan State
University, Baltimore, MD. He was also a former professor at the Cebu Institute of
Technology, Philippines. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering
from the Cebu Institute of Technology, a Master’s degree in Environmental–Civil
Engineering from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, and a Doctor of
Science degree in Environmental–Civil Engineering from the George Washington
University. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Penn-
sylvania and in the State of Maryland and was a registered Professional Chemical
Engineer in the Philippines. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engi-
neers, a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, a member of the
Water Environment Federation, a member of the American Association of University
Professors, and a member of the American Society of Engineering Education.
Dr. Sincero has a wide variety of practical experiences. He was a shift supervisor
in a copper ore processing plant and a production foreman in a corn starch processing
plant in the Philippines. He was CPM (Critical Path Method) Planner in a construc-
tion management firm and Public Works Engineer in the City of Baltimore. In the
State of Maryland, he was Public Health Engineer in the Bureau of Air Quality and
Noise Control, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Water Resources Engi-
neer in the Water Resources Administration, Department of Natural Resources; Water
Resources Engineer in the Office of Environmental Programs, Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene; Water Resources Engineer in the Water Management Admin-
istration, Maryland Department of the Environment. For his positions with the State
of Maryland, Dr. Sincero had been Chief of his divisions starting in 1978. His last
position in the State was Chief of Permits Division of the Construction Grants and
Permits Program, Water Management Administration, Maryland Department of the
Environment. These practical experiences have allowed Dr. Sincero to gain a wide
range of environmental engineering and regulatory experiences: air, water, solid
waste, and environmental quality modeling.
Gregoria A. Sincero is a senior level Water Resources Engineer at the Maryland
Department of the Environment. She was also a former professor at the Cebu Institute
of Technology, Philippines. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering
from the Cebu Institute of Technology and a Master’s degree in Environmental–Civil
Engineering from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. She is a
registered Professional Environmental Engineer in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania and was a registered Professional Chemical Engineer in the Philippines. She
is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Mrs. Sincero has practical experiences both in engineering and in governmental
regulations. She was Senior Chemist/Microbiologist in the Ashburton Filters of
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Baltimore City. In the State of Maryland, she was Water Resource Engineer in the
Water Resources Administration, Department of Natural Resources and Water
Resources Engineer in the Office of Environmental Programs, Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene, before joining her present position in 1988 at MDE. At MDE,
she is a senior project manager reviewing engineering plans and specifications and
inspecting construction of refuse disposal facilities such as landfills, incinerators,
transfer stations, and processing facilities. Also, she has experiences in modeling of
surface waters, groundwaters, and air and statistical evaluation of groundwater and
drinking water data using EPA’s Gritstat software.
© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero