Physical Aspects of Fracture PDF
Preview Physical Aspects of Fracture
Physical Aspects of Fractu re NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by lOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences lOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers III. Computer and Systems Science lOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organized to the four sub-series noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series. http://www.nato.inVscience http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 32 Physical Aspects of Fracture edited by Elisabeth Bouchaud Service de Physique et Chimie des Surfaces et des Interfaces, Direction des Sciences de la Matiere, CEA, Saclay, France Dominique Jeulin Centre de Morphologie Mathematique, Unite Mixte de Recherche CNRS, Ecole des Mines Paris, France Claude Prioul Universite Paris 13 and Laboratoire Mecanique des Sols, Structures et Materiaux, Unite Mixte de Recherche CNRS, Ecole Centrale Paris, France and Stephane Roux Laboratoire Surface du Verre et Interfaces, Unite Mixte de Recherche CNRS, St-Gobain, France Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physical Aspects of Fracture Cargese, France 5-17 June 2000 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-7147-2 ISBN 978-94-010-0656-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0656-9 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informatioR storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS Preface vii International Scientific Committee viii List of Participants xi Opening overview (New trends in Fracture Mechanics) -J.R. Rice: Some studies of crack dynamics 3 Brittle fracture -D. Fran~ois, A. Pineau: Fracture of metals: Part I: Cleavage Fracture 15 -F. Hild: The Weibulllaw: a model of wide applicability 35 -H.O.K. Kirchner: Brittle fracture of snow 47 -A. Hansen: Random fuse networks: a review 59 -F. Lehner, M. Kachanov: On modelling of "winged" cracks forming under 73 compression -G. Pijaudier-Cabot, C. Le Bellego, and B. Gerard: Continuum damage and 77 scaling of fracture -J.M.G. Van Mier: Damage of concrete: application of network simulations 85 -Y. Berthaud: Degradation in brittle materials under static loadings 99 -R. Schaller and G. Fantozzi: Study of the brittle-to-ductile transition in III ceramics and cermets by mechanical spectroscopy Ductile fracture -D. Fran~ois, A. Pineau: Fracture of metals: Part II: Ductile Fracture 125 -AJ. Krasowsky: Fracture mechanics of metals: some features of crack 147 initiation and crack propagation vi - S.K. Kanaun: A model of damage in an austenitic stainless steel by high 167 temperature creep - S. Alexandrov: Interrelation between constitutive laws and fracture in the 179 vicinity of friction surfaces -F. Barbe, S. Forest, G. Cailletaud: Polycrystalline plasticity under small 191 strains -E. Van der Giessen: Fracture and mesoscopic plastic deformation 207 -C. Rey, T. Hoc, Ph. Erieau: Strain localization in single crystals and 225 poly crystals Fatigue and stress corrosion -K. Dang Van: Modelling in fatigue. Remarks on scales of material 245 description: application to high cycle fatigue -1. Petit: The influence of microstructure and moist environment on fatigue 259 crack propagation in metallic alloys -H. Mughrabi: Cyclic strain localization in fatigued metals 271 -T. Magnin: Environmental effects on fatigue in metals 283 -R. Gy: Stress corrosion of glass 305 Dynamics of fracture -K. Ravi-Chandar: Experimental challenges in the investigation of dynamic 323 fracture of brittle materials -D. Rittel: Experiments in dynamic fracture 343 -1. Schmittbuhl, A. Delaplace, KJ. Miley: Propagation of an interfacial 353 crack front in a heterogeneous medium: Experimental observations Index 371 PREFACE The main scope of this Cargese NATO Advanced Study Institute (June 5-17 2000) was to bring together a number of international experts, covering a large spectrum of the various Physical Aspects of Fracture. As a matter of fact, lecturers as well as participants were coming from various scientific communities: mechanics, physics, materials science, with the common objective of progressing towards a multi-scale description of fracture. This volume includes papers on most materials of practical interest: from concrete to ceramics through metallic alloys, glasses, polymers and composite materials. The classical fields of damage and fracture mechanisms are addressed (critical and sub-critical quasi-static crack propagation, stress corrosion, fatigue, fatigue-corrosion .... as well as dynamic fracture). Brittle and ductile fractures are considered and a balance has been carefully kept between experiments, simulations and theoretical models, and between the contributions of the various communities. New topics in damage and fracture mechanics - the effect of disorder and statistical aspects, dynamic fracture, friction and fracture of interfaces - were also explored. This large overview on the Physical Aspects of Fracture shows that the old barriers built between the different scales will soon "fracture". It is no more unrealistic to imagine that a crack initiated through a molecular dynamics description could be propagated at the grain level thanks to dislocation dynamics included in a crystal plasticity model, itself implemented in a finite element code. Linking what happens at the atomic scale to fracture of structures as large as a dam is the new emerging challenge. This summer school has been particularly efficient in improving the communication and exchanges between the 90 scientists coming from 20 different countries, among which the large representation of Eastern Europe is to be emphasised. The richness of these exchanges is an essential success of this Summer School since the culture, the tools, the methods and even the objectives of the lecturers differed quite strongly. Hence we do believe that this volume addresses all the scientists interested in fracture, whatever their background may be. We are indebted to all the lecturers who contributed to this volume, for the special effort they made to produce particularly pedagogical papers, with a self contained and explicit presentation. Finally, we wish to acknowledge our sponsors, without whom this school, and the present volume, would have never existed: NATO, the Commissariat it l'Energie Atomique, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saint-Gobain, the French Ministry of Research, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese. We are particularly indebted to Elisabeth Dubois-Violette and her team in Cargese, to Raymonde Boschiero for her help in the financial matters, and, last but not least, to Marcelle Martin, who has been of a great help in organising the meeting, and made the considerable effort to put everything together for the elaboration of the present volume. Elisabeth Bouchaud, Dominique Jeulin, Claude Prioul, Stephane Roux. VII International Scientific Committee G. Cailletaud Ecole des Mines de Paris, France D. Fisher Harvard University, USA D. Fran~ois Ecole Centrale Paris, France A. Hansen Trondheim University, Norway F. Lund Santiago University, Chile M. Kardar MIT, USA B.Lawn NIST, USA G. Pijaudier-Cabot Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, France A. Pineau Ecole des Mines de Paris, France J. Rice Harvard University, USA. Organizing Committee E. Bouchaud CEA, France R. Goldstein Russian Academy of Sciences D. Jeulin Ecole des Mines de Paris, France C. Prioul Ecole Centrale Paris, France S. Roux CNRS/Saint-Gobain, France. Sponsors a Commissariat I'Energie Atomique (CEA) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) French Ministry for Education, Research and Technology (MNERT) French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) SAINT-GOBAIN. Vlll LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Prof. ALEXANDROV Serguei Dr. CHAUVOT Carine Alcoa Technical Center, Bldg B, Fraunhofer Institut fuer Werkstoffmechanik 100 Technical Drive, ALCOA CENTER, PA Woehlerstrasse II 15069-0001 - USA D-79108 FREIBURG -Germany Prof. AROUTIOUNIAN Vladimir Dr. CHILKO Evgueni Yerevan State University- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Dpt of Physics of Semiconductors Science, 1 Alex Manoukian St., 375049 YEREVAN 211, Pr. Academicheskiy Rep. of Armenia TOMSK 634021-Russia Dr. AURADOU Harold Dr. CHLUP Zdenek CEA Saclay - SRIM IPM AS CR 91191 GlF sur YVETTE CEDEX - France Zizkova 22 -616 62 BRNO - Czech Republic Mr. BALAZSI Csaba Dr. CORREIRA PEREIRA DA SILVA Filipe Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Universidade de Minho - Dpt Eng. Mecanica Science, Ceramic Dpt Azurem - 4800 GUIMARAES -Portugal PO. Box 49, H-1525 BUDAPEST - Hungary Dr. DANG VAN Ky Dr. . BARTHELEMY Marc Ecole Poly technique CEA-Centre d'Etudes de Bruyeres-Ie-Chatel Route de Saclay Service de Physique de la Matiere Condensee 91128 PALAISEAU CEDEX - France BPI2 91680 BRUYERE-LE-CHATEL -France Dr. DA VYDOV A Marina Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics Dr. BEUAKOVA Tatiana I, Ak Korolev str. ' Moscow State University 614013 PERM -Russia Vemadsky prospect, 127-664 MOSCOW 117 571 - Russia Prof. DEGALLAIX Suzanne Ecole Centrale de Lille - LML Prof. BERTHAUD Yves Cite Scientifique ENS Cachan - LMT 59491 VILLENEUVE D' ASCQ CEDEX 61, ave du President Wilson, F-94235 France CACHAN CEDEX - France Dr. DUCOURTHIAL Elodic. Dr. BOUCHAUD Elisabeth ONERA - 29, ave Division Leclerc CEA Saclay - SPCSI 92322 CHATILLON CEDEX - France 91191 GIF sur YVETTE CEDEX - France Dr. EFROS Boris Dr. BRONNIKOV Serguei Donetsk Physics & Technology Institute NASc Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Ukraine Bolshoi Prospekt 31 n,R.Luxemburg str. 199004 ST.PETERSBURG -Russia 83114 DONETSK -Ukraine Dr. CANTELAUBE Florence Prof. FISCHER Daniel Saint-Gobain - Mechanics Laboratory Harvard University CRIR - 19, rue Emile Zola, 60290 Cambridge RANTIGNY - France MA 02138 - USA xi
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