Physical Anthropology volume 10th Edition

527 Pages·2010·31.9 MB·English

by  Philip Stein

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Physical
Anthropology
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Physical
Anthropology
Tenth Edition
Philip L. Stein
Los Angeles Pierce College
Bruce M. Rowe
Los Angeles Pierce College
TM
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TM
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, TENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stein, Philip L.
Physical anthropology / Philip L. Stein, Bruce M. Rowe.—10th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-07-340531-5 (alk. paper)
1. Physical anthropology. I. Rowe, Bruce M. II. Title.
GN60.S72 2006
599.9—dc22
2009044036
www.mhhe.com
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To our families and in the memory of
Eleanor Frances Blumenthal
Barbara Stein Akerman
Arnold L. Freed, M.D.
Sidney G. Stein
Rae Stein
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Brief Contents
Preface xiii Chapter 12
THE EARLY PRIMATE FOSSIL
About the Authors xvi
RECORD AND THE ORIGINS OF
Acknowledgments xvii THE HOMININS 261
List of Boxes xix Chapter 13
THE EARLY HOMININS 286
Chapter 1
Chapter 14
INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF
EARLY SPECIES OF THE GENUS
HUMANKIND 1
HOMO 319
Chapter 2
Chapter 15
THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23
THE EVOLUTION OF HOMO
Chapter 3 SAPIENS 360
THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN
Chapter 16
GENETICS 48
THE BIOLOGY OF MODERN
Chapter 4 HOMO SAPIENS 385
POPULATION GENETICS 69
Chapter 17
Chapter 5 THE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN
NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN VARIATION 412
OF SPECIES 86
Chapter 18
Chapter 6 THE MODERN WORLD 435
PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112
APPENDIX: AN INTRODUCTION TO
Chapter 7
SKELETAL ANATOMY AND THE ANATOMY
THE LIVING PRIMATES 132
OF THE BRAIN A–1
Chapter 8
GLOSSARY G
COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY
AND GENETICS 159
GLOSSARY OF PRIMATE HIGHER
TAXA G–19
Chapter 9
NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190 CREDITS C–1
Chapter 10 INDEX I–1
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214
Chapter 11
THE RECORD OF THE PAST 234
vi
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Contents
Preface xiii Chapter 2
THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23
About the Authors xvi
Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24
Acknowledgments xvii
Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
List of Boxes xix The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws of
Heredity 25
A Model of Genetic Events 26
Chapter 1
What Is a Trait? 27
INVESTIGATING THE NATURE Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
OF HUMANKIND 1 Summary 30
Cytogenetics 31
The World of Physical Anthropology 2
The Chromosomes 31
Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Cell Division 32
Physical Anthropology in the World of
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Anthropology 2
Summary 39
Conclusion 3
The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39
The Nature of Science 4
Molecules of Life 39
Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
The Nucleic Acids 40
Science and Religion 5
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42
Summary 6
Protein Synthesis 44
Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature,
and Time 7 Summary 45
Questioning the Old Ideas 7 Key Terms 46
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8 Study Questions 46
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Critical Thinking Questions 47
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Suggested Readings 47
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11
Suggested Websites 47
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Chapter 3
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16 THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN
GENETICS 48
Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area
School District 18
Medical Genetics 49
Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: Blood-Type Systems 49
The Grand Synthesis 19 Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Summary 20
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Key Terms 20 Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54
Study Questions 20
Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Critical Thinking Questions 21 Summary 58
Suggested Readings 21 Genetics and Human Affairs 58
Suggested Websites 22 Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological
Evolution 60
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viii Contents
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62 Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Summary 63
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63
Sexual Selection 96
What Is a Gene? 63
Kin Selection 98
The Human Genome 64
Summary 99
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of
The Origin of Species 100
an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65
The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101
Summary 66
The Evolution of Species 101
Key Terms 66
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Study Questions 67 Rates of Speciation 104
Critical Thinking Questions 67 Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction
Suggested Readings 68 of Variability 105
Suggested Websites 68 Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary
Theory 106
Chapter 4 Summary 109
POPULATION GENETICS 69 Key Terms 109
Study Questions 110
A Model of Population Genetics 70
Critical Thinking Questions 110
Populations 70
Suggested Readings 110
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73 Suggested Websites 111
Summary 75
Chapter 6
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75
Mutations 75 PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder
Principle 77 Taxonomy 113
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79 Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80 Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114
Gene Flow 80 The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
Nonrandom Mating 81 The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Differential Fertility 82 Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83 Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117
Summary 84 Cladistics 119
Key Terms 84 Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First
Study Questions 84 Century 121
Summary 121
Critical Thinking Questions 85
People and the Animal World 122
Suggested Readings 85
The Animal Kingdom 122
Suggested Websites 85
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
Chapter 5
The Mammals 124
NATURAL SELECTION AND THE Summary 129
ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86 Key Terms 130
Study Questions 130
Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87
Critical Thinking Questions 130
Natural Selection 87
Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88 Suggested Readings 131
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88 Suggested Websites 131
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Contents ix
Chapter 7 Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176
THE LIVING PRIMATES 132 The Jaw 179
Summary 181
The Primate Order 133
Comparative Cytogenetics and
The Evolution of the Primates 133
Molecular Biology 181
Characteristics of the Primates 134
Comparative Cytogenetics 182
The Senses 134
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Comparative Genomics 186
Color Vision 135
Summary 187
The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Key Terms 187
Summary 138
Study Questions 188
The Living Primates 139
The Lemuriformes 139 Critical Thinking Questions 188
The Tarsiiformes 143
Suggested Readings 188
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145 Suggested Websites 189
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Chapter 9
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149
NONHUMAN PRIMATE
The Orangutan 150
BEHAVIOR 190
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152
Primate Behavior 191
Humans 155 Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156 Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf
Summary 156 Lemur 193
Key Terms 157 Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Study Questions 157 Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195
Critical Thinking Questions 157 Summary 196
Suggested Readings 157 Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196
Suggested Websites 158 Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Chapter 8
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
COMPARATIVE STUDIES: Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209
ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159
Summary 211
Key Terms 211
Comparative Anatomy of Locomotion and
Manipulation 160 Study Questions 211
Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160 Critical Thinking Questions 212
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
Suggested Readings 212
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Suggested Websites 213
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169 Chapter 10
Comparative Anatomy of the Skull HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN
and the Brain 170 PERSPECTIVE 214
Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170 Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215
The Evolution of the Brain 172 The Structure of the Human Band 215
Primate Dentition 174 Age and Diet 217