Phyllanthus species : scientific evaluation and medicinal applications

380 Pages·2012·19.934 MB·English

by  Ramadasan Kuttan, K B Harikumar

Phyllanthus Species
Scientific Evaluation and
Medicinal Applications
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Traditional Herbal Medicines For Modern Times
Each volume in this series provides academia, health sciences, and the herbal medi-
cines industry with in-depth coverage of the herbal remedies for infectious diseases,
certain medical conditions, or the plant medicines of a particular country.
Series Editor: Dr. Roland Hardman
Volume 1
Shengmai San, edited by Kam-Ming Ko
Volume 2
Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Rejuvenation and Longevity, by H.S. Puri
Volume 3
Sho-Saiko-To: (Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang) Scientific Evaluation and Clinical
Applications, by Yukio Ogihara and Masaki Aburada
Volume 4
Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria, edited by Merlin Wilcox,
Gerard Bodeker, and Philippe Rasoanaivo
Volume 5
Juzen-taiho-to (Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang): Scientific Evaluation and Clinical
Applications, edited by Haruki Yamada and Ikuo Saiki
Volume 6
Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants, edited by
Amala Soumyanath
Volume 7
Bupleurum Species: Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications, edited by
Sheng-Li Pan
Volume 8
Herbal Principles in Cosmetics: Properties and Mechanisms of Action, by
Bruno Burlando, Luisella Verotta, Laura Cornara, and Elisa Bottini-Massa
Volume 9
Figs: The Genus Ficus, by Ephraim Philip Lansky and Helena Maaria Paavilainen
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times
Phyllanthus Species
Scientific Evaluation and
Medicinal Applications
Edited by
Ramadasan Kuttan
K. B. Harikumar
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Series Preface ............................................................................................................ix
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
About the Editors .....................................................................................................xv
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Taxonomy of the Genus Phyllanthus ...................................................1
Sheeja T. Tharakan
Identification Manual for Some Species of the Genus
Phyllanthus L. of Phyllanthaceae with Special Reference to the
Indian Subcontinent ...........................................................................23
A. Lalithamba
Chapter 2 Current Pharmacopoeial Status of Phyllanthus Species:
P. emblica, P. amarus, and P. fraternus ............................................37
Raman Mohan Singh and Vivekanandan Kalaiselvan
Chapter 3 Cultivation, Economics, and Marketing of Phyllanthus Species .......47
B. R. Rajeswara Rao
Chapter 4 Phylogenetic Analysis of Phyllanthus Species ...................................71
Srinivasu Tadikamalla
Chapter 5 Genetic Resources of Phyllanthus in Southern India:
Identification of Geographic and Genetic Hot Spots and Its
Implication for Conservation ..............................................................97
G. Ravikanth, R. Srirama, U. Senthilkumar, K. N. Ganeshaiah,
and R. Uma Shaanker
Chapter 6 Phytochemistry of the Genus Phyllanthus .......................................119
Lutfun Nahar, Satyajit D. Sarker, and Abbas Delazar
Chapter 7 Hyphenated Techniques in the Study of the Genus Phyllanthus .....139
Satyajit D. Sarker, Lutfun Nahar, and Abbas Delazar
v
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Various Species of Phyllanthus ......149
K. B. Harikumar and Ramadasan Kuttan
Chapter 9 Hepatoprotective Effects of Plants in the Family Phyllanthaceae ...157
V. V. Asha
Chapter 10 Anticancer Studies of Phyllanthus amarus ......................................171
K. B. Harikumar and Ramadasan Kuttan
Chapter 11 Anticancer Activity of Phyllanthus emblica ....................................183
Jeena Joseph and Ramadasan Kuttan
Chapter 12 The In Vivo and In Vitro Proapoptotic and Antiangiogenic
Effects of Phyllanthus urinaria .......................................................193
Jong-Hwei S. Pang, Sheng-Teng Huang, Rong-Chi Yang, and
Hsiao-Ting Wu
Chapter 13 Phyllanthus and Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV Infections .......205
S. P. Thyagarajan
Chapter 14 Antiviral Activities of Phyllanthus orbicularis, an Endemic
Cuban Species ..................................................................................219
Gloria del Barrio and Francisco Parra
Chapter 15 Diabetes and Diabetic Complications and Phyllanthus species ......235
Geereddy Bhanuprakash Reddy and Palla Suryanarayana
Chapter 16 Chemoprotective, Genotoxic, and Antigenotoxic Effects of
Phyllanthus Sp. .................................................................................255
Rakesh K. Johri
Chapter 17 Antiaging Effects of Phyllanthus Species ........................................267
Vasudevan Mani and Shanmugapriya Thulasimani
Chapter 18 Toxicity Studies of Phyllanthus Species ..........................................279
K. N. S. Sirajudeen
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents vii
Chapter 19 Clinical Trials Involving Phyllanthus Species .................................289
Mulyarjo Dirjomuljono and Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
Chapter 20 Immunomodulatory Activity of Brahma Rasayana, an Herbal
Preparation Containing Phyllanthus emblica as the Main
Ingredient .........................................................................................315
Praveen K. Vayalil, Ramadasan Kuttan, and Girija Kuttan
Chapter 21 Triphala: An Ayurvedic Drug Formulation .....................................325
Sandhya T. Das and K. P. Mishra
Chapter 22 Kalpaamruthaa: A Successful Drug against Various Ailments .......331
P. Sachdanandam and P. Shanthi
Index ......................................................................................................................349
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Series Preface
Global warming and global travel are contributing factors in the spread of infectious
diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and HIV. These are not well con-
trolled by the present drug regimes. Antibiotics also are failing because of bacterial
resistance. Formerly less well-known tropical diseases are reaching new shores. A
whole range of illnesses, such as cancer, for example, occurs worldwide. Advances in
molecular biology, including methods of in vitro testing for a required medical activ-
ity, give new opportunities to draw judiciously on the use and research of traditional
herbal remedies from around the world. The reexamining of the herbal medicines
must be done in a multidisciplinary manner.
Since 1997, there have been 49 volumes published in the book series Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles (Volumes 47–49 have been on vanilla,
sesame, and citrus oils, respectively). The series continues.
The same series editor is also covering Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern
Times. Each volume reports on the latest developments and discusses key topics rel-
evant to interdisciplinary health sciences research by ethnobiologists, taxonomists,
conservationists, agronomists, chemists, pharmacologists, clinicians, and toxicolo-
gists. The series is relevant to all these scientists and will enable them to guide busi-
ness, government agencies, and commerce in the complexities of these matters. The
background to the subject is outlined next.
Over many centuries, the safety and limitations of herbal medicines have been
established by their empirical use by the “healers” who also took a holistic approach.
The healers are aware of the infrequent adverse effects and know how to correct these
when they occur. Consequently and ideally, the preclinical and clinical studies of an
herbal medicine need to be carried out with the full cooperation of the traditional
healer. The plant composition of the medicine, the stage of the development of the
plant material, when it is to be collected from the wild or when from its cultivation,
its postharvest treatment, the preparation of the medicine, the dosage and frequency,
and much other essential information is required. A consideration of the intellectual
property rights and appropriate models of benefit sharing may also be necessary.
Wherever the medicine is being prepared, the first requirement is a well-docu-
mented reference collection of dried plant material. Such collections are encour-
aged by organizations like the World Health Organization and the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (United
Kingdom) is building its collection of traditional Chinese dried plant material rel-
evant to its purchase and use by those who sell or prescribe traditional Chinese medi-
cine in the United Kingdom.
In any country, the control of the quality of plant raw material, of its efficacy, and
of its safety in use is essential. The work requires sophisticated laboratory equipment
and highly trained personnel. This kind of “control” cannot be applied to the locally
produced herbal medicines in the rural areas of many countries, on which millions
of people depend. Local traditional knowledge of the healers has to suffice.
ix
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x Series Preface
Conservation and protection of plant habitats are required, and breeding for biolog-
ical diversity is important. Gene systems are being studied for medicinal exploitation.
There can never be too many seed conservation “banks” to conserve genetic diversity.
Unfortunately, such banks are usually dominated by agricultural and horticultural
crops, with little space for medicinal plants. Developments such as random amplified
polymorphic DNA enable the genetic variability of a species to be checked. This can
be helpful in deciding whether specimens of close genetic similarity warrant storage.
From ancient times, a great deal of information concerning diagnosis and the use
of traditional herbal medicines has been documented in the scripts of China, India,
and elsewhere. Today, modern formulations of these medicines exist in the form
of powders, granules, capsules, and tablets. They are prepared in various institu-
tions, such as government hospitals in China and Korea, and by companies such as
the Tsumura Company of Japan, with good quality control. Similarly, products are
produced by many other companies in India, the United States, and elsewhere with
a varying degree of quality control. In the United States, the Dietary Supplement
and Health Education Act of 1994 recognized the class of physiotherapeutic agents
derived from medicinal and aromatic plants. Furthermore, under public pressure, the
U.S. Congress set up an Office of Alternative Medicine. In 1994, this office assisted
in the filing of several Investigational New Drug (IND) applications required for
clinical trials of some Chinese herbal preparations. The significance of these applica-
tions was that each Chinese preparation involved several plants and yet was handled
with a single IND. A demonstration of the contribution to efficacy, of each ingredient
of each plant, was not required. This was a major step forward toward more sensible
regulations with regard to phytomedicines.
The subject of Western herbal medicines is now being taught again to medical
students in Germany and Canada. Throughout Europe, the United States, Australia,
and other countries, pharmacy and health-related schools are increasingly offering
training in phytotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine clinics are now common out-
side China. An Ayurvedic hospital now exists in London with a BSc Honors degree
course in Ayurveda available: Professor Shrikala Warrier, Resistrar/Dean, MAYUR,
Ayurvedic University of Europe, 81 Wimpole Street, London, WIG 9RF, e-mail sw@
unifiedherbal.com. This is a joint venture with a university in Manipal, India.
The term integrated medicine is now being used, which selectively combines tra-
ditional herbal medicine with “modern medicine.” In Germany, there is now a hospi-
tal in which traditional Chinese medicine is integrated with Western medicine. Such
comedication has become common in China, Japan, India, and North America by
those educated in both systems. Benefits claimed include improved efficacy, reduc-
tion in toxicity and the period of medication, as well as a reduction in the cost of the
treatment. New terms such as adjunct therapy, supportive therapy, and supplemen-
tary medicine now appear as a consequence of such comedication. Either medicine
may be described as an adjunct to the other depending on the communicator’s view.
Great caution is necessary when traditional herbal medicines are used by doctors
not trained in their use and likewise when modern medicines are used by traditional
herbal doctors. Possible dangers from drug interactions need to be stressed.
In Volume 2 of this series, Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Rejuvenation and
Longevity, by Dr. H. S. Puri, line drawings are given in 58 chapters of plants and
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Series Preface xi
concise medical data covering all the important Rasayanas. Probably the most com-
monly used herb is Amalaki, the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica. Since Dr. Puri’s book
(2003), research reports from around the world have appeared about many species of
Phyllanthus, so justifying this review of the genus in Volume 10 of the series.
For all their hard work, I am most grateful to the editors, Professor Ramadasan
Kuttan, PhD and K. B. Harikumar, PhD. Hari has been most diligent in replying to
my e-mails and to those of all the chapter contributors. These also I thank for their
enthusiasm and expert information. My thanks are due to the steadfast support of
the staff of CRC Press: Barbara Norwitz, executive editor and Jill Jurgensen, senior
project coordinator.
Roland Hardman, BPharm, BSc (Chemistry), PhD (London), FRPharmS
Head of Pharmacognosy (retired), School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
University of Bath, United Kingdom
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC