Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems: Concept, Design, and Methods of Optimization PDF
Preview Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems: Concept, Design, and Methods of Optimization
PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS Concept, Design, and Methods of Optimization TAMER KHATIB Energy Engineering and Environment, An-Najah National University, Nablus,Palestine DHIAA HALBOT MUHSEN Computer Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusing suchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers, includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-821231-8 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:BrianRomer AcquisitionsEditor:LisaReading EditorialProjectManager:AliceGrant ProductionProjectManager:PoulouseJoseph CoverDesigner:ChristinaBilbow TypesetbySPiGlobal,India To Zain and Sara, just to be a fair father, Tamer Khatib To those who gave me the true meaning of life, my dear wife Alaa, my daughter Manar, and my son Ahmad, Dhiaa Halboot Muhsen About the authors Associate Professor Dr. habil Tamer Khatib is a photovoltaic power systems professional. He holds a B.Sc. degree in electrical power systems from An-Najah National University, Palestine, as well as an M.Sc. degree and a Ph.D. degree in photovoltaic power systems from the National University of Malaysia, Malaysia. In addition, he holds Habilitation (the highest academic degree in German-speaking countries) in renewable and sustainable energy from Alpen Adria Universitat, Klagenfurt, Austria. Currently,heisanassociateprofessorofrenewableenergyatAn-Najah National University and the director of the An-Najah Company for Consultancy and Technical Studies. He is also the chair of the IEEE Palestine subsection. So far, he has 2 patents, 3 books, and 122 research articles while his currenth-indexis32.Hehassupervised4Ph.D.studies,16masterstudies, and 50 bachelor studies. HeisaseniormemberofIEEE,theIEEEPowerandEnergySociety,the International Solar Energy Society, and the Jordanian Engineers Association. Hisresearchinterestsmainlyfallinthescopeofphotovoltaicsystemsand solar energy fundamentals. These interests include PV system design and optimization, modeling and control of PV systems, hybrid PV/wind sys- tems, hybrid PV/diesel systems, grid-connected PV systems, sun trackers, MPPT technology, inverters in PV systems, solar chargers, batteries and charge controllers, solar energy fundamentals, solar energy prediction, AI applications for solar energy and PV systems, wind power systems, wind chargers, and wind energy modeling and prediction. AssistantProfessorDr.DhiaaHalbotMuhsenearnedaB.Sc.degreein electricalengineeringfromtheUniversityofBaghdad,Iraq,in2001,aswell as an M.Sc. degrees in computer and control engineering from Baghdad University,Iraq,in2004.Inaddition,heholdsaPh.D.degreeincomputer engineering from the University of Tenaga National, Malaysia. Currently, he is an assistant professor in the computer engineering department at Mustansiriyah University. He earned his Ph.D. under the supervision of associate professor Dr. habil Tamer Khatib. xi xii Abouttheauthors So far, he has 21 research articles while his current h-index is 9. Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludemodelingofphotovoltaics,model- ing of PVPS, sizing of PVPS, load scheduling in smart grids, evolutionary algorithms (EA), and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) algorithms. Preface Solarenergyisconsideredarenewableandenvironmentallyfriendlyenergy source. Meanwhile, photovoltaic technology (PV) is the most popular technology that directly utilizes solar energy and converts it to a direct current. One of the most popular applications of PV power systems is the PVwaterpumpingsystem(PVPS).ThePVPSutilizesthepowergenerated fromthePVmoduletopowerapumpingsystemfordifferentwaterpump- ing applications such as providing drinking water for domestic use and irrigation. A properly designed PVPS can be efficient and economically competitive to grid-connected or diesel generator (DG)-based pumping systems, especially in rural areas. However, the low energy-conversion efficiency of PV modules, the nonlinearity of the PV module/array I-V characteristics, and the unique maximum power operation point are still the major challenges of this technology. This book aims to provide a concept of a photovoltaic water pumping system, that system’s components, the mathematical models, and the methodsofdesign,includingnovelartificialintelligencemethods.Thus,this bookincludessixchapters.Thefirstchapterproposesageneralintroduction whilethesecondchapterreviewsthephotovoltaicwaterpumpingconcept, performance, reliability, control strategies, and sizing methods. The third chapter discusses the mathematical models of system components. The fourth and fifth chapters propose design methods, including the intuitive methods, the numerical methods, and the artificial intelligence methods. ExamplesareprovidedwithopensourceMATLABcodes.Thelastchapter discusses the feasibility and sensitivity of the photovoltaic water pumping system, considering different types of storage and backup sources. xiii Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Professor Dr. Azah Mohamed, Assistant Professor Dr. Haider Tarish Haider, Assistant Professor Dr. Issa Ahmed Abed,andEng.AliaSaleh.Moreover,theauthorswouldliketoextendtheir thanks to Elsevier’s team for their cooperation with special thanks to Lisa Reading, Danielle McLean, Alex Ford, Poulouse Joseph and Ashwathi Aravindakshan. xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction Contents 1.1 Theneedforwaterpumpingusingphotovoltaicsystems 1 1.2 Typesofwaterpumpingsystems 2 1.3 Irrigationsystems 4 1.1 The need for water pumping using photovoltaic systems Recently,waterdemandhasincreasedduetotheincreasingpopulation,and theavailabilityofwaterhasbecomemorecrucialthaneverbefore.Asource ofenergytopumpwaterisalsoabigprobleminmanydevelopingcountries. Meanwhile, developing a grid system is often too expensive, especially in rural villages that are located too far away from existing grid lines. On the other hand, dependency on an imported fuel is not a reliable option due to political issues, foreign exchange rate fluctuation, and the economies of many developing countries, which are the supply source. Even if fuel isavailablewithinthecountry,transportingthatfueltoremote,ruralvillages can be difficult. Theuseofrenewableenergyisattractiveforwaterpumpingapplications inruralareasofmanydevelopingcountries.Thetransportationofrenewable energysystems,suchasphotovoltaic(PV)pumps,ismucheasierthanother types because they can be transported in pieces and reassembled on site. Asolarpumpingsystemisatechniquethathasbeenusedrecentlytopro- videawatersupplyfromwatersourcessuchasartificialponds,waterwells, boreholes,orrivers.Inplaceswherethereisnopowergrid,solarpumpingis oftenthemostobvioussolution,astheinstallationandoperationofrenew- ableenergysystemsiseasierthanothersystems.Thisisbecausetheycanbe assembled in pieces onsite and do not imply running fuel that needs to be transported.Aphotovoltaic(PV)pumpingsystemcanhelpagriculturefields become more sustainable, as these systems can minimize the overirrigation ofthefield.Inareaswherewaterisunderground,themostcommonwayto PhotovoltaicWaterPumpingSystems ©2021ElsevierInc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821231-8.00001-9 Allrightsreserved. 1 2 Photovoltaicwaterpumpingsystems liftwaterishandpumpswithprimitivetoolssuchasaShadoof(Arabicname ofamanualandconventionalpumpingtool).Theotheroptionisdieselgen- erators, which are much better than the Shadoof. However, diesel genera- tors have negative impacts on health and the environment as well as influences on irrigation because of the potential leakage. Moreover, due to the high maintenance of a diesel generator and fuel transportation costs, the cost of the pumped water is high as $1 per m3. TheadvantagesofPV-poweredpumpsarelowmaintenance,nopollu- tion,easyinstallation,reliability,possibilityofunattendedoperation,andthe capability to be matched to demand. Meanwhile, the disadvantages are the high initialcost and variablewater production. However,if the designer is familiar with a well’s specification, the needed storage system, the natural terrainsurroundingthewell,andthemanufacturers’dataonavailablepumps and other equipment, a reliable pumping system can be provided. 1.2 Types of water pumping systems Water pumping systemsare classifieddependingon the typeof pumpused (AC or DC) and the configuration of the systems. There are two configu- rations of water pumping systems: standalone systems and hybrid systems. Hybrid systems in general use two energy sources such as a wind turbine, dieselgenerator,orPV.TheACstandalonewaterpumpingsystemsingen- eral consist of a PV array, an inverter with a centralized maximum power point tracker, and a pump. Such a system can have a block of batteries as abackuppowersupply,butbecausethesystemcostisaveryimportantfac- tor, systems are designed in a way to meet the village demand during the solar day without any need for batteries. TherearetwobroadcategoriesofpumpsusedinstandalonePVsystems aroundtheworld:rotatingandpositivedisplacement.Therearemanyvar- iations on the designs of these two basic types. Examples of the rotating pumptypearecentrifugal,rotatingvane,orscrewdrive.Thesepumpsmove water continuously when power is presented to the pump. The output of these pumps is dependent on head, solar radiation (current produced), andoperating voltage.Theyarewellsuitedfor pumpingfromshallow res- ervoirsorcisterns.TheycanbetieddirectlytothePVarrayoutput,buttheir performance will be improved by using an electronic controller such as a linear current booster to improve the match between the pump and the PVarray.Positivedisplacementpumpsmove“packetsofwater.”Examples arediaphragmpumpsandpistonpumps(jackpumps).Thesepumpsaretyp- ically used for pumping water from deep wells. Their output is nearly
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