Photosynthesis: Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics PDF
Preview Photosynthesis: Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Narosa Publishing House New Delhi Madras Bombay PHOTOSYNTHESIS Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics Proceedings of the International Workshop on Application of Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis Edited by G. S. SINGHAL, JAMES BARBER, RICHARD A. DILLEY, GOVINDJEE, ROBERT HASELKORN, PRASANNA MOHANTY Springer-Verlag Narosa Publishing House Narosa Publishing House 6 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017 35-36 Greams Road, Thousand Lights, Madras 600 006 306 Shiv Centre, D.B.C. Sector 17, K.U. BazarP.O., New Bombay 400 705 © 1989 Narosa Publishing House Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1989 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of N arosa Publishing House. Rights for sale in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Burma rest with Narosa Publishing House New Delhi Madras Bombay. Exclusive distribution rights for all other countries rest with Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo. All export rights for this book rest exclusively with the publishers. Unauthorized export is a violation of copyright law and is subject to legal action. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74223-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74221-7 DOT: 10.1007/978-3-642-74221-7 Published by N. K. Mehra for and on behalf of Narosa Publishing House, 6 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110017 "Believe nothing merely because you have been told it, or because it is traditional, or because you yourself have imagined it, Do not believe what your teacher tells you, merely out of respect for the teacher, But whatever after due examination and analysis, you find to be conducive to the good the benefit, the welfare of all beings, that doctrine believe and cling to, and take it as your guide." -LORD BUDDHA Foreword The Workshop on Applications of Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis has been held at a time when plant scientists are searching for new methods of raising the ceiling to yield in economic plants. Yield of a crop plant is the product of interaction between the physiologic efficiency of the plant and the management efficiency of the farmer. The physiologic efficiency is in turn controlled by both the genetic make-up of the plant and the environmental conditions under which the crop is cultivated. This workshop has therefore dealt with a wide range of problems affecting photosynthesis under conditions of optimal growing conditions as well as under different stresses-such as moisture deficit and excess, heat, salinity and micronutrient deficiencies. I am glad the effects of UV radiation have also been studied since we need more data in this field consequent on the postulated increase in UV radiation arising from the depletion of the ozone layer caused by the excessive use of chlorofluorocarbons. Similarly, an understanding of the molecular and physiological aspects of herbicide resistance is important, since in the tropics and sub-tropics weed infestation is a major factor limiting fertilizer-use efficiency and thereby yield. The papers on the impact of senescence on different aspects of wheat chloroplasts are exceedingly interesting from the point of view of understanding the changes associated with ageing. I am also glad that photosynthesis in mangrove vegetation has received attention since several countries are endowed with rich mangrove ecosystems. Countries in the tropics and sub-tropics are faced with shrinking land resources for agriculture and expanding human and animal populations. India, for example, will have to produce annually 230 to 250 million tonnes of food grains, about 700 million tonnes of livestock fodder and over 200 million tonnes of fuel wood by the year 2000. The additional production will have to come from higher productivity per unit of land, water and time. So far, the pathway to yield improvement adopted by plant breeders has been the alteration of the harvest index in favour of grains or other economic parts. The challenge now is to increase the total biological yield. The scope for merely altering the partition pathway has been practically exhausted in crops like wheat and rice. viii Foreword We need a greater understanding of the molecular aspects of bioenerge- tics as related to photosynthesis in order to undertake purposeful experiments in genetic engineering. The proceedings of the Workshop on this topic thus constitute a timely and valuable addition to the literature on this subject. We owe a deep debt of gratitude to Professor G. S. Singhal, Professor Prasanna Mohanty and their colleagues for this labour of love. I also congratulate them on the excellence of this book. The earth has remained a comfortable place for living organisms for a whole 3.5 billion years since life began, despite a 25 pet cent increase in the output of heat from the sun. Will we maintain this legacy? This will depend upon our ability to maintain a healthy photosynthetic pathway of development. (Dr. M. S. Swami nathan) President, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Preface Plant productivity depends upon the photosynthetic conversion of the energy of sunlight into free energy stored in the biomass of plants. An intermediate step in this energy conversion process is electron transfer and proton translocation. Efforts are currently under way, using molecular biology as a tool, to alter the polypeptides that are involved in electron transport and proton translocation. For example, site-specific mutagenesis is being used to replace amino acids thought to be essential for electron transfer and proton translocation. Work of this type will not only help to determine the mechanisms of electron transfer and proton translocation, but will also provide an opportunity to improve plant performance under conditions of stress, such as drought, salt stress and herbicide resistance, which have all been shown to influence photosynthetic electron transport. The latest techniques of molecular genetics and molecular biology have the potential to answer the vital questions about the mechanism of energy transduction and molecular structure of the photosynthetic apparatus. At present, several research groups are working on projects that are expected to lead to rapid improvement of our understanding of the photosynthetic process and, as a consequence of the application of biotechnology to higher plants, to improved plant performance. From 4 to 8 January 1988 an international workshop on the Application of Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis was held at the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. This workshop brought together scientists from all over the world, who were using the latest techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics for the study of the chemical and physical processes of photosynthetic electron transport and proton translocation. This book consists of the contributions of the participants at this workshop and is a compilation of the state-of-art knowledge on this subject. -EDITORS Acknowledgements The organizing committee of the International Workshop on Applications of Molecular Biology and Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis would like to express its appreciation for financial and other support received from the following agencies-Department of Biotechnology, Government of India; Department of Science and Technology, Government of India; University Grants Commission, India; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, India; United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation, India; National Science Foundation, USA and India; United States Department of Agriculture, USA; British Council, UK and India; and other agencies who totally or partially funded the delegates from England, Germany, Greece, Holland and Japan. We would like to thank Drs G. Papageorgiou, H. N. Singh, H. S. Raghavendra, U. C. Biswal, V. Krishnan, H. Pakrasi, A. K. Verma and B. C. Tripathy for their oral presentations at the Workshop on various interesting topics related to molecular biology and bioenergetics of photosynthesis. Due to unavoidable circumstances, these presentations could not be included in this book. We also extend our thanks for presentations in the form of posters to Drs Anbudurai, Behra, Bhardwaj, Bhonsale, Amba, Bose, Bhagwat, Chatur- vedi, Choudhury, Khan, Khanna-Chopra, Krishnaswamy, Mathur, Misra, Sainis, Sengupta, Shyam, Panda, Khan and Vivekanandan. We would like to thank Dr Ranjana Paliwal for assisting in the preparation of the index. Contents PART 1: Genes and Polypeptides of Photo system II Genes of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Higher Plants Structure, Expression and Strategies for their Engineering A. K. TYAGI,N. Y. KELKAR,S. KAPOOR AND S. C. MAHESHWARI 3 Specific Mutagenesis as a Tool for the Analysis of Structure/ Function Relationships in Photos ystem II WIM VERMAAS, SHELLY CARPENTER AND CANDACE BUNCH 21 Replication of Chloroplast DNA: Replication Origins, Topoisomerase I, and In Vitro Replication BRENT L. NIELSEN, ROBERT MEEKER AND K. K. TEWARI 37 Molecular Genetics of Herbicide Resistance in Cyanobacteria JUDY BRUSSLAN AND ROBERT HASELKORN 53 Molecular Analysis of a Gene (irp A) Encoding a Function Essential for Iron-limited Growth in the Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 GEORGE S. BULLERJAHN, K. J. REDDY, HAROLD C. RIETHMAN AND LOUIS A. SHERMAN 63 Primary Structure and Expression in Escherichia coli of the Mn-stabilising Protein Involved in Photosystem II Water Oxidation TOMOHIKO KUW ABARA 77 Further Characterisation of the Isolated PS2 Reaction Centre J. BARBER, D. J. CHAPMAN, K. GOUNARIS AND A. TELFER 85 Use of Synthetic Peptides in Studies on the Biogenesis and Phosphorylation of Photosystem II Proteins w. E. BUVINGER, H. P. MICHEL, A. SUTTON AND J. BENNETT 103 Functional Role for 33KDa Proteins in the Oxygen Evolution Complex (OEC) P. M.NAIRANDN. K.RAMASWAMY 117 Heat-shock Proteins Associated with Chloroplasts A. GNANAM. S. KRISHNASAMY AND R. MANNAR MANNAN 135 The Role of Chloride in Oxygen Evolution GOVINDJEE 143 Isolation of a Highly Active PSII Preparation from Wheat Triticum Aestivum and the Chemical Modification of Tyrosine Residues with 4-chloro-7 -nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) RANJANA PALIWAL, JAI PARKASH AND G. S. SINGHAL 163
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