Photonics: Scientific Foundations, Technology and Applications, Volume 1: Fundamentals of Photonics and Physics

487 Pages·2015·16.75 MB·English

by  David L. Andrews

PHOTONICS

PHOTONICS
Scientific Foundations, Technology
and Applications
Fundamentals of Photonics and Physics
Volume I
Editedby
DAVIDL.ANDREWS
SchoolofChemicalSciences
UniversityofEastAnglia
Norwich,UK
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Fundamentalsofphotonicsandphysics/editedbyDavidL.Andrews.
pagescm.–(Photonics;volumeI)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-22553-0(cloth)
1.Photonics. 2.Photons. 3.Optics. I.Andrews,DavidL.,1952–
TA1520.F862015
621.36′5–dc23
2014041293
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
ListofContributors xi
Preface xiii
1 APhotoninPerspective 1
DavidL.Andrews
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Foundations, 3
1.3 MediumIssues, 8
1.4 PhotonLocalizationandWavefunction, 10
1.5 TheQuantumVacuumandVirtualPhotons, 12
1.6 StructuredLight, 15
1.7 PhotonNumberFluctuationsandPhase, 18
1.8 TheRealityofPhotonics, 20
Acknowledgments, 20
References, 20
2 CoherenceandStatisticalOptics 27
MayukhLahiri
2.1 Introduction, 27
2.2 ClassicalTheoryofOpticalCoherenceintheSpace-TimeDomain, 28
2.3 ClassicalTheoryofOpticalCoherenceintheSpace-Frequency
Domain, 34
2.4 Cross-SpectrallyPureOpticalFields, 38
v
vi CONTENTS
2.5 PolarizationPropertiesofStochasticBeams, 43
2.6 RemarksonPartiallyCoherentandPartiallyPolarizedBeams, 51
2.7 BasicsofQuantumTheoryofOpticalCoherence, 52
2.8 ConcludingRemarks, 55
Acknowledgments, 56
References, 56
3 LightBeamswithSpatiallyVariablePolarization 61
EnriqueJ.Galvez
3.1 Introduction, 61
3.2 Poincare´ ModesofBeams, 62
3.3 ExperimentalApproaches, 69
3.4 PolarizationSingularities, 70
3.5 Conclusion, 73
Acknowledgments, 73
References, 73
4 QuantumOptics 77
HowardCarmichael
4.1 Introduction, 77
4.2 Fundamentals, 78
4.3 OpenSystems:InputsandOutputs, 87
4.4 PhotonCounting, 95
4.5 CavityandCircuitQED, 105
References, 111
5 SqueezedLight 121
A.I.Lvovsky
5.1 WhatisSqueezedLight?, 121
5.2 SalientFeaturesofSqueezedStates, 128
5.3 Detection, 136
5.4 Preparation, 141
5.5 ApplicationsinQuantumInformation, 148
5.6 ApplicationsinQuantumMetrology, 154
5.7 ConclusionandOutlook, 157
References, 158
6 ElectromagneticTheoryofMaterials 165
TomG.Mackay
6.1 Preamble, 165
6.2 MacroscopicViewpoint, 166
6.3 ConstitutiveDyadics, 171
CONTENTS vii
6.4 LinearMaterials, 178
6.5 NonlinearMaterials, 194
6.6 ClosingRemarks, 198
References, 199
7 SurfaceandCavityNanophotonics 205
MohamedBabiker
7.1 Introduction, 205
7.2 BasicFormalism, 207
7.3 DipoleEmitterNearEdge, 211
7.4 QuantumCorrelations, 215
7.5 Entanglement, 217
7.6 WedgeCavities, 219
7.7 Conclusions, 223
Acknowledgments, 225
References, 225
8 QuantumElectrodynamics 229
A.Salam
8.1 Introduction, 229
8.2 MolecularQED:PrincipleofMinimalElectromagnetic
Coupling, 231
8.3 MultipolarHamiltonian, 235
8.4 One-PhotonAbsorption, 241
8.5 EmissionofLight:SpontaneousandStimulatedProcesses, 244
8.6 LinearLight-Scattering:TheKramers–HeisenbergDispersion
Formula, 246
8.7 ChiropticalEffects, 251
8.8 Two-PhotonAbsorption, 255
8.9 NonlinearLight-Scattering:Sum-FrequencyandHarmonic
Generation, 258
8.10 ResonanceEnergyTransfer, 261
8.11 vanderWaalsDispersionEnergy, 264
8.12 Radiation-InducedInterparticleForces, 266
8.13 SummaryandOutlook, 269
References, 271
9 MultiphotonProcesses 279
AngusJ.Bain
9.1 Introduction, 279
9.2 MolecularTwo-PhotonAbsorption:BasicPrinciples, 282
9.3 MolecularTwo-PhotonFluorescence, 289
9.4 ApplicationsandFutureProspects, 307
viii CONTENTS
9.5 Conclusions, 309
Acknowledgments, 311
References, 311
10 OrbitalAngularMomentum 321
EmmaWisniewski-BarkerandMilesJ.Padgett
10.1 HistoricalIntroduction, 321
10.2 CreatingBeamswithOAM, 324
10.3 Micro-ManipulationthroughtheUseofOAM, 327
10.4 BeamTransformations, 329
10.5 MeasuringBeamswithOAM, 332
10.6 OAMinClassicalImaging, 333
10.7 OAMinNonlinearandQuantumOptics, 333
10.8 Conclusions, 335
References, 335
11 IntroductiontoHelicityandElectromagneticDuality
TransformationsinOptics 341
IvanFernandez-CorbatonandGabrielMolina-Terriza
11.1 Introduction, 341
11.2 SymmetriesandOperators, 342
11.3 ElectromagneticDuality, 344
11.4 OpticalHelicityandElectromagneticDualitySymmetry, 346
11.5 DualitySymmetryinPiecewiseHomogeneousandIsotropicMedia, 347
11.6 ApplicationsoftheFramework, 351
11.7 Conclusions, 359
References, 360
12 SlowandFastLight 363
RobertW.BoydandZhiminShi
12.1 Introduction, 363
12.2 MechanismsofSlowLight, 364
12.3 PhysicswithSlowandFastLight, 367
12.4 SomeApplicationsofSlowandFastLight, 374
12.5 FundamentalLimitsonSlowLight, 379
References, 381
13 AttosecondPhysics:AttosecondStreakingSpectroscopyofAtoms
andSolids 387
UweThumm,QingLiao,ElisabethM.Bothschafter,FrederikSu¨ßmann,
MatthiasF.Kling,andReinhardKienberger
13.1 Introduction, 387
13.2 Time-ResolvedPhotoemissionfromAtoms, 393
CONTENTS ix
13.3 StreakedPhotoemissionfromSolids, 407
13.4 AttosecondStreakingfromNanostructures, 425
13.5 Conclusions, 432
Acknowledgments, 434
References, 434
Index 443