Photonic crystal fibers: properties and applications PDF
Preview Photonic crystal fibers: properties and applications
SpringerSeriesin materials science 102 SpringerSeriesin materials science Editors: R.Hull R.M.Osgood,Jr. J.Parisi H.Warlimont The Springer Series in Materials Science covers the complete spectrum of materials physics, includingfundamentalprinciples,physicalproperties,materialstheoryanddesign.Recognizing theincreasingimportanceofmaterialsscienceinfuturedevicetechnologies,thebooktitlesinthis seriesreflectthestate-of-the-artinunderstandingandcontrollingthestructureandproperties ofallimportantclassesofmaterials. 88 Introduction 96 GaNElectronics toWaveScattering,Localization ByR.Quay andMesoscopicPhenomena 97 MultifunctionalBarriers ByP.Sheng forFlexibleStructure 89 Magneto-Science Textile,LeatherandPaper MagneticFieldEffectsonMaterials: Editors:S.Duquesne,C.Magniez, FundamentalsandApplications andG.Camino Editors:M.YamaguchiandY.Tanimoto 98 PhysicsofNegativeRefraction 90 InternalFrictioninMetallicMaterials andNegativeIndexMaterials AHandbook OpticalandElectronicAspects ByM.S.Blanter,I.S.Golovin, andDiversifiedApproaches H.Neuhäuser,andH.-R.Sinning Editors:C.M.KrowneandY.Zhang 91 Time-dependentMechanicalProperties 99 Self-OrganizedMorphology ofSolidBodies inNanostructuredMaterials ByW.Gräfe Editors:K.Al-Shamery,S.C.Müller, andJ.Parisi 92 SolderJointTechnology Materials,Properties,andReliability 100 SelfHealingMaterials ByK.-N.Tu AnAlternativeApproach to20CenturiesofMaterialsScience 93 MaterialsforTomorrow Editor:S.vanderZwaag Theory,ExperimentsandModelling Editors:S.Gemming,M.Schreiber 101 NewOrganicNanostructures andJ.-B.Suck forNextGenerationDevices Editors:K.Al-Shamery,H.-G.Rubahn, 94 MagneticNanostructures andH.Sitter Editors:B.Aktas,L.Tagirov, andF.Mikailov 102 PhotonicCrystalFibers PropertiesandApplications 95 Nanocrystals ByF.Poli,A.Cucinotta, andTheirMesoscopicOrganization andS.Selleri ByC.N.R.Rao,P.J.Thomas andG.U.Kulkarni 103 PolaronsinAdvancedMaterials Editor:A.S.Alexandrov Volumes40–87arelistedattheendofthebook. F. Poli A. Cucinotta S. Selleri Photonic Crystal Fibers Properties and Applications With129Figures 123 FedericaPoli AnnamariaCucinotta DipartimentodiIngegneriadell’Informazione DipartimentodiIngegneriadell’Informazione UniversitadegliStudidiParma UniversitadegliStudidiParma VialeG.P.Usberti181/A-CampusUniversitario VialeG.P.Usberti181/A-CampusUniversitario I-43100Parma,Italy I-43100Parma,Italy StefanoSelleri DipartimentodiIngegneriadell’Informazione UniversitadegliStudidiParma VialeG.P.Usberti181/A-CampusUniversitario I-43100Parma,Italy SeriesEditors: ProfessorRobertHull ProfessorJürgenParisi UniversityofVirginia UniversitätOldenburg,FachbereichPhysik Dept.ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering Abt.Energie-undHalbleiterforschung ThorntonHall Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse9–11 Charlottesville,VA22903-2442,USA 26129Oldenburg,Germany ProfessorR.M.Osgood,Jr. ProfessorHansWarlimont MicroelectronicsScienceLaboratory InstitutfürFestkörper- DepartmentofElectricalEngineering undWerkstofforschung, ColumbiaUniversity Helmholtzstrasse20 SeeleyW.MuddBuilding 01069Dresden,Germany NewYork,NY10027,USA AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISSN0933-033x ISBN978-1-4020-6325-1(HB) ISBN978-1-4020-6326-8(e-book) PublishedbySpringer, P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands www.springer.com AllRightsReserved ©2007Springer Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,record- ingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionof anymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedona computersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Basics of photonic crystal fibers 7 1.1 From conventional optical fibers to PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 Guiding mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.1 Modified total internal reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.2 Photonic bandgap guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 Properties and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3.1 Solid-core fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.2 Hollow-core fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4 Loss mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4.1 Intrinsic loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4.2 Confinement loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.4.3 Bending loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.5 Fabrication process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.5.1 Stack-and-draw technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.5.2 Extrusion fabrication process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.3 Microstructured polymer optical fibers . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.5.4 OmniGuide fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.6 Photonic crystal fibers in the market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 v vi Contents 2 Guiding properties 53 2.1 Square-lattice PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.1.1 Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.1.2 Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.2 Cutoff of large-mode area triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.3 Hollow-core-modified honeycomb PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.3.1 Guidance and leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.3.2 Birefringence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3 Dispersion properties 99 3.1 PCFs for dispersion compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.2 Dispersion of square-lattice PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.3 Dispersion-flattened triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.3.1 PCFs with modified air-hole rings . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.3.2 Triangular-core PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4 Nonlinear properties 129 4.1 Supercontinuum generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 4.1.1 Physics of supercontinuum generation . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.1.2 Highly nonlinear PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.1.3 Dispersion properties and pump wavelength . . . . . . . 133 4.1.4 Influence of the pump pulse regime . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.2 Optical parametric amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 4.2.1 Triangular PCFs for OPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.2.2 Phase-matching condition in triangular PCFs . . . . . . 145 4.3 Nonlinear coefficient in hollow-core PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5 Raman properties 159 5.1 Raman effective area and Raman gain coefficient . . . . . . . . 161 5.2 Raman properties of triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.2.1 Silica triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.2.2 Tellurite triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5.2.3 Enlarging air-hole triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Contents vii 5.3 Raman properties of honeycomb PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 5.4 PCF Raman amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 5.4.1 Model for PCF Raman amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.4.2 Triangular PCF Raman amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5.5 Impact of background losses on PCF Raman amplifiers . . . . . 189 5.6 Multipump PCF Raman amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 6 Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers 203 6.1 Model for doped-fiber amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6.2 EDFAs based on honeycomb and cobweb PCFs . . . . . . . . . 205 6.3 EDFAs based on triangular PCFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 A Finite Element Method 219 A.1 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 A.2 PCF parameter evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Index 227 Preface Photonic crystal fibers, also known as microstructured or holey fibers, have recently generated great interest in the scientific community thanks to the new ways provided to control and guide light, not obtainable with conven- tional optical fibers. Proposed for the first time in early 90’s, photonic crystal fibers have driven an exciting and irrepressible research activity all over the world, starting in the telecommunication field and then touching metrology, spectroscopy, microscopy, astronomy, micromachining, biology and sensing. A variety of very interesting publications and high level books have been alreadypresented,describingthedifferentkindsofthesenewfibers,thephysics of their behavior, as well as a huge range of design tools. These aspects will not be considered again in this work. This book, instead, is intended to provide an expert guidance through the properties of photonic crystal fibers, with a specific focus on the telecommu- nication aspects. Although standard fibers for telecommunication can rely on a well-established technology and standard fiber based devices and systems represent a consolidated reality, hardly replaceable, the authors believe that photonic crystal fibers can revolutionize the field of guided optics and its ap- plications, evenifmuch easierand closeopportunities canbe foreseenin many otherfields.Thisbeliefgetsfirmerwhenconsideringsignalprocessingandspe- cific functions rather than the usage of photonic crystal fibers in long distance transmission. The long expertise of the authors in fiber based device analysis is reflected in a deep analysis aimed to practically understand how the physical and geo- metrical characteristics of these new fibers can be tailored to achieve the goal of ad hoc performances. The study, mainly performed with the help of the finite element method, a powerful numerical approach the authors are very expert in, has enabled to understand how best to optimize the fiber design, ix x Preface always keeping in mind actual possibilities and limits of photonic crystal fiber fabrication technology. This book will thus benefit researchers approaching this very dynamic and evolving subject with the interest to explore this field of telecommunication, looking at current as well as emerging applications.
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