Photometry, Radiometry, and Measurements of Optical Losses

807 Pages·2019·27.235 MB·English

by  Michael Bukshtab

Springer Series in Optical Sciences 209
Michael Bukshtab
Photometry,
Radiometry, and
Measurements
of Optical Losses
Second Edition
Springer Series in Optical Sciences
Volume 209
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Michael Bukshtab
Photometry, Radiometry,
and Measurements of Optical
Losses
Second Edition
123
Michael Bukshtab
Optoelectronics Research Centre
University of Southampton
Southampton
UK
ISSN 0342-4111 ISSN 1556-1534 (electronic)
SpringerSeries inOptical Sciences
ISBN978-981-10-7744-9 ISBN978-981-10-7745-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7745-6
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Preface to the Second Edition
The second edition of the book “Applied Photometry, Radiometry, and
MeasurementsofOptical Losses”includes avastmajorityofmaterial publishedin
its first edition in 2012, while also expanding and extending some of its sections.
Due to continuous enhancement of measurement techniques and methodologies,
this edition adds Chap. 12 on the Spectroscopic Interferometry, including FTIR,
Brillouin Scattering, Frequency Comb, Terahertz Spectroscopies, plus upgrades
paragraph 6.4 with techniques for Enhancement of Sensitivity and Mitigation of
FluorescenceinRamanScattering.Theseadditionscouldbeseenasbroadeningthe
scope of the book somewhat beyond commonly assigned subject areas of photo-
metric and radiometric studies and expanding measurement techniques into
far-infrared and even terahertz spectral regions, overlapping with spectral inter-
ferometry,biomedicalandbiotechsensing,andmore;althoughsuchdevelopments,
whileenhancingtechniquesandmethodsoflaserspectroscopy,exemplifyessential
broadening of spectroradiometric methodologies via lasers or newer sources or
detectors of optical radiation.
Iwishtoexpressmysincereappreciationtoallreadersofthefirsteditionofthis
book,and,especially,toJonathanBarlettaforpointingouttoanerroneoustypoin
Eqs. (2.1)–(2.3). I sincerely appreciate the curtesy of David Wright for thoroughly
reviewingsectionsofthenewlywrittenChap.12ofthe2ndeditionandamgrateful
to Mikhail Smirnov for helpful suggestions.
This edition is dedicated to my dearest and ever caring mother, to my dear
brotherandtoAllaandRoberta,tomylovelydaughterandtoPierre,andtomytwo
loveliest granddaughtersAnastasiaandLaetitia,andalsotothememoryofAvrush
Shwartsman.
Cranbury, CT, USA and Southampton, England Michael Bukshtab
v
Preface to the First Edition
The broad variety of technical challenges has attracted the lasting attention of
optical scientists and engineers to develop sensitive and accurate optical mea-
surements – such as creating pure colors and making efficient laser systems or
sensors. This interest resulted in the appearance of diverse measurement methods
andtechnologies,oftenclaimingunprecedentedandevencontradictingresults,with
theindividualattentionfocusedonachievingeitherhighspecularreflectance,direct
transmittance, low absorptance, scattering, birefringence, or phase dispersion.
Increasedusageoflasersandpulse-modulatedlightsourcesintensifiedtheinterest–
as a result, an orientation dilemma exists. Publications on the subject (see [0.1–
0.47]) describe contrasting methods of measurements or implementations, and the
methods can often appear to be different in terms of physical principles and real-
ization conditions,but,atfirstsight,mayremainalmostindistinguishablefromthe
standpoint of the accuracy and sensitivity achieved.
In this book, the analysis of measurement methods and techniques is given not
onlybythetotalityoflightsources,detectors,andrecordingsystems,butratherby
detailed classification of the measurements performed and by the optimized con-
ditions for therecognitionoftheoptical property examined,bytheobjectsandthe
aims of the study, by the boundaries of applicability, by advantages and short-
comings, and by the measurement methods, appropriate devices, and the exami-
nation systems themselves. The main considerations are given to measurements
of the optical properties of highly reflecting mirrors for laser resonators and
high-resolutioninterferometers,transparentopticalcrystals,glasses,andfibers,and
the materials for their fabrication. Substantial features for studying weakly
absorbingliquidsandgases,includingairpollutions,areexaminedaswell.Inspite
of the existence of a fairly ample literature on radiometry and light measurements,
eventheconventionalmaterialisrevisitedfromthepointofexecutingthemethods
of photometric and radiometric measurements. Analyzed techniques are separated
by determination of the parameters and extents of radiation and the optical prop-
erties of bodies and substances in that radiation. Special attention is given to
approachesinvolvinglaserradiation.Thehighspectraldensityoflaserlightandthe
broad dynamics of modern photodetectors permit one to perform experiments
vii
viii PrefacetotheFirstEdition
which are incompatible with routine radiometric and photometric methodologies,
reaching sensitivity or accuracy unattainable with conventional approaches. At the
same time, high spatial and temporal coherence, and sometimes unavoidable
instabilities of laser radiation, complicate the measurement processes. This book
provides an analysis of and solutions to the various measurement situations and
describes ways to design some nontrivial equipment.
The sequence adopted for the analysis in the second part of the book reflects
developmentprocessesfortheadvancedlowopticallossmeasurementtechnologies–
fromtheconventionalspectrophotometricmethods,reachingupto10−3–10−5cm−1
sensitivity, to modern techniques, sensing losses down to 10−6 cm−1 and lower.
Certain advanced methods may not necessarily lead to increasing sensitivity for a
given study of optical loss and the accuracy of detection, while the increased
diversityofoptical-examinationtechniquesbeingdevelopedcouldbecausedbythe
difficultiesindetectingchangesofopticalcharacteristicsatlevelsofthousandthsand
millionthsofthemeasuredextents.Thechallengesareenhancedbydependenciesof
measured optical losses notonly on theproperties of analyzed objects, but also on
specific measurement conditions, such as light wavelength, its angle of incidence
andstateofpolarization,viewingandirradiationconditions,etc.Athighexposureto
laser light, the expected outcome can be influenced by the power extents of an
incident beam of such laser radiation. The results of measurements may also be
dependentonthespatialconfigurationusedtostudysamplesurfacesandlocalization
ofthelightbeamitself.Anydesirableincreaseofmeasurementaccuracy,achieved
by some decrease of locality, could make informativity higher only by way of not
resolvingthus concealed nonuniformity of theobject being studied.
Traditional photometric methods do not possess extremely high sensitivity
without special measures being taken, but they allow one to obtain information
about the characteristics of an object under study as a whole by a direct mea-
surement. Application of laser light with low divergence and high power density
enables spatial and spectral selectivity of conventional measurements, thus
expandingtheprospectsoflow-lossdetection.Exceptionally,highsensitivitytothe
bulkorsurfaceabsorptionmayberealizedbyfocusingalaserbeamintotheobject
being studied, while registering changes of the object’s temperature, its index of
refraction, or noticing laser-induced birefringence. Under certain conditions, the
process of stimulated emission of light is characterized by high sensitivity to
selective optical losses introduced into a laser resonator, but it could be obstructed
even by low-reflecting surfaces of the object being studied. Furthermore, the tasks
of identifying absolute optical losses remain challenging and may require added
comparisons with known standards.
Consequently,thisbookstartsbyderivingthemainradiometricandphotometric
laws,definitions,andassumptions,andanalyzingapparentlysimplemethodologies,
followed by more complex and sensitive optical techniques, while highlighting,
within the bounds of every method, the exact features of each measurement pro-
cedure. The methods for low-loss detection – from interferometric, calorimetric,
resonator, polarization, phase-shift and ring-down decay, wavelength- and
frequency-modulation to pulse-separation, resonant, multipass, emissive, and
PrefacetotheFirstEdition ix
colorimetric ones – are analyzed and compared for the applicability of studying
free-space and polarization optics, fibers, and waveguides. Ultimately, the content
returns to the direct laser and spectroradiometric methods, but executed with the
knowledge sequentially accumulated by experience of precision optical measure-
ments. Every section of the book is completed with a description of the major
results obtained by the most characteristic experiments.
Acknowledgements from the First Edition
Iexpressmysinceregratitudeandappreciationtoallthepeoplewhohelpedinthis
vast book journey: my family and my lovely daughter, every teacher, friend, and
colleague–overseasandintheUSA–whosesupportandencouragementmadethe
quarter-century-long project possible. Let me also thank those who, one way or
another, opposed that effort – without certain resistance, my commitment could
havelackedsomewillpowertoovercomechallengesalongtheway.Specialthanks
to my distinguished colleagues Prof. Leonid Glebov of CREOL and Dr. Kent
Rochford of NIST Boulder Laboratories for supporting the proposal for this book
with Springer, to Prof. H. Weber of Berlin Technical University for helpful sug-
gestions and remarks, to Robert Nicolet and Kevin Viteri, to the language editor
of the book manuscript and to members of editorial staff of Springer Science. Let
me also extend my appreciation to libraries and librarians – The Library of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (BAN), the libraries of Case Western Reserve
University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Westport Public
Library, as well as to The Optical Society for its Optics InfoBase as my main
reference source.
I dedicate this work to the memory of my teacher and doctorate adviser
Andrei A. Wolkenstein.
Cranbury Village, Connecticut Michael Bukshtab
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