Photoenergy and Thin Film Materials

747 Pages·2019·11.068 MB·English

by  Xiao-Yu Yang (editor)

Photoenergy and Thin
Film Materials
Scrivener Publishing
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Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Managing Editors: Sachin Mishra, S. Patra and Anshuman Mishra
Photoenergy and Thin
Film Materials

Edited by
Xiao-Yu Yang
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology
for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan
University of Technology, China
This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-58046-1
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xvii
Part I: Advanced Photoenergy Materials 1
1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 3
Teresa Gatti and Enzo Menna
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Carbon Nanostructures 7
1.2.1 Structure and Physical Properties 7
1.2.2 Chemical Functionalization Approaches 9
1.3 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic
Devices 12
1.3.1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Dye Sensitized
Solar Cells 13
1.3.1.1 Carbon Nanostructures as Dopants for the
Inorganic Semiconducting Layer 14
1.3.1.2 Carbon Nanostructures as Dopants for the
Electrolyte 18
1.3.1.3 Carbon Nanostructure-Based
Photosensitizers 19
1.3.2 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Perovskite Solar
Cells 21
1.3.2.1 Carbon Nanostructure-Based Electrodes
for Perovskite Solar Cells 21
1.3.2.2 Carbon Nanostructure-Based Hole
Transporting Materials for Perovskite
Solar Cells 23
1.3.2.3 Carbon Nanostructure-Based Electron
Transporting Layers for Perovskite Solar
Cells 29
v
vi Contents
1.3.2.4 Carbon Nanostructures Integrated Within
the Photoactive Layer of Perovskite Solar
Cells 35
1.4 Conclusions and Outlook 38
Acknowledgements 40
References 41
2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future 49
Joaquín Calbo
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Operational Mechanism 52
2.3 Sensitizer 56
2.3.1 Ruthenium-Based Dyes 56
2.3.2 Organic Dyes 57
2.3.3 Natural Dyes 60
2.3.4 Porphyrin Dyes 62
2.3.5 Quantum Dot Sensitizers 64
2.3.6 Perovskite-Based Sensitizers 66
2.4 Photoanode 68
2.4.1 Nanoarchitectures 69
2.4.2 Light Scattering Materials 70
2.4.3 Composites 72
2.4.4 Doping 74
2.4.5 Interfacial Engineering 75
2.4.6 TiCl  Treatment 76
4
2.5 Electrolyte 77
2.5.1 Liquid Electrolytes 78
2.5.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 81
2.5.3 Solid-State Transport Materials 83
2.6 Counter Electrode 86
2.6.1 Metals and Alloys 86
2.6.2 Carbon-Based Materials 88
2.6.3 Conducting Polymers 90
2.6.4 Transition Metal Compounds 91
2.6.5 Hybrid Materials 93
2.7 Summary and Perspectives 95
Acknowledgements 96
References 96
Contents vii
3 Perovskite Solar Modules: Correlation Between Efficiency
and Scalability 121
Fabio Matteocci, Luigi Angelo Castriotta and Alessandro
Lorenzo Palma
3.1 Introduction 122
3.2 Printing Techniques 125
3.2.1 Solution Processing Techniques 126
3.2.2 Vacuum-Based Techniques 127
3.3 Scaling Up Process 130
3.3.1 Spin Coated PSM 130
3.3.2 Blade Coated PSM 132
3.3.3 Slot Die Coating 133
3.3.4 Screen-Printed PSM 134
3.3.5 Vacuum-Based PSM 136
3.3.6 Solvent and Vacuum Free Perovskite Deposition 137
3.4 Modules Architecture 137
3.4.1 Series-Connected Solar Modules 138
3.4.2 Parallel-Connected Solar Modules 139
3.5 Process Flow for the Production of Perovskite Based Solar
Modules 141
3.5.1 The P1-P2-P3 Process 142
3.5.1.1 P1 Process, Ablation of the Transparent
Conducting Oxide Electrodes 143
3.5.1.2 P2 Process, Ablation of the Active Layers 144
3.5.1.3 P3 Process, Isolation of the
Counter-Electrodes 145
3.5.1.4 Safety Areas 145
References 145
4 Brief Review on Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS)
Solar Cells 157
Raja Mohan and Rini Paulose
4.1 Introduction 157
4.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect 158
4.1.2 Solar Cell Material 158
4.2 Factors Affecting PV Performance 159
4.2.1 Doping 159
4.2.2 Diffusion and Drift Current 159
4.2.3 Recombination 160
4.2.4 Diffusion Length 160
4.2.5 Grain Size and Grain Boundaries 161
viii Contents
4.2.6 Cell Thickness 161
4.2.7 Cell Surface 161
4.3 CIGS Based Solar Cell and Its Configuration 161
4.3.1 CIGS Configuration 163
4.3.1.1 Back Contact 164
4.3.1.2 Absorber Layer 165
4.3.1.3 Effect of Na Diffusion 171
4.3.1.4 Buffer Layer 172
4.3.1.5 Front Contact 173
4.4 Advances in CIGS Solar Cell 179
4.4.1 CIGS-Tandem Solar Cell 179
4.4.2 Flexible CIGS Solar Cell 181
4.5 Summary 182
Acknowledgement 183
References 183
5 Interface Engineering for High-Performance Printable
Solar Cells 193
Jinho Lee, Hongkyu Kang, Soonil Hong, Soo-Young Jang,
Jong-Hoon Lee, Sooncheol Kwon, Heejoo Kim and
Kwanghee Lee
5.1 Introduction 194
5.2 Electrolytes 195
5.2.1 Introduction of Electrolytes for Interface
Engineering 195
5.2.2 Applications of Electrolytes to Printable Solar Cells 197
5.2.2.1 CPE as ESL 197
5.2.2.2 Fullerene Derivatives as ESL 199
5.2.2.3 NPEs as ESL 201
5.2.2.4 Non-Conjugated Small Molecule
Electrolytes as ESL 203
5.2.2.5 Self-Assembly of Polyelectrolytes as ESL 204
5.2.2.6 Self-Doped CPEs as HSL 205
5.2.2.7 Small Molecular Electrolytes and NPEs
as HSL 209
5.3 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 210
5.3.1 Introduction of TMOs as ESLs for Interface
Engineering 210
5.3.2 Applications of TMOs for Printable Solar Cells 212
5.3.2.1 Titanium Oxides (TiO  and TiO) as ESLs 212
2 x
5.3.2.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as an ESL 216
Contents ix
5.3.2.3 Tin Oxide (SnO ) as an ESL 218
2
5.3.3 Applications of TMOs as HSLs for Printable
Solar Cells 219
5.3.3.1 Molybdenum Oxide (MoO ) as an HSL 219
3
5.3.3.2 Tungsten Oxide (WO ) as an HSL 220
3
5.3.3.3 Vanadium Oxide (V O ) as an HSL 221
2 5
5.3.3.4 Nickel Oxide (NiO) as an HSL 222
x
5.3.3.5 Copper Oxide (Cu O and CuO) as an HSL 223
2
5.3.3.6 Copper(I) Thiocyanate (CuSCN) as an HSL 224
5.4 Organic Semiconductors 225
5.4.1 Introduction of Organic Semiconductors for
Interface Engineering 225
5.4.2 Applications for Printable Solar Cells 226
5.4.2.1 Fullerene-Based Organic Semiconductors
as ESLs 226
5.4.2.2 Small Molecule-Based Organic
Semiconductors as HSLs 228
5.4.2.3 Polymer-Based Organic Semiconductors
as HSLs 231
5.4.2.4 Dopant-Free Organic Semiconductors
as HSLs 233
5.4.2.5 Carbon Based Organic Semiconductors
as HSLs 235
5.5 Outlook 237
Acknowledgement 238
References 238
6 Screen Printed Thick Films on Glass Substrate for
Optoelectronic Applications 253
Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
6.1 What Is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages 253
6.1.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates 254
6.1.2 Thick Film Inks 254
6.1.3 Sheet Resistivity 255
6.1.4 Conductor Pastes 255
6.1.5 Dielectric Pastes 256
6.1.6 Resistor Pastes 256
6.2 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by
Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability and
Performance Aspects 256