Photochemical Purification of Water and Air: Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Principles, Reaction Mechanisms, Reactor Concepts

387 Pages·2003·7.29 MB·English

by  Thomas Oppenlander

Thomas Oppenländer
Photochemical Purification of
Water and Air

ThomasOppenländer
Photochemical Purification of
Water and Air

Thomas Oppenländer
Photochemical Purification of
Water and Air
Author n This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless,
authorandpublisherdonotwarranttheinforma-
ThomasOppenländer tioncontainedthereintobefreeoferrors.Rea-
UniversityofAppliedSciences dersareadvisedtokeepinmindthatstatements,
(Fachhochschule)Furtwangen data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorother
DepartmentofMechanicaland itemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
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V
Foreword
The field of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) or Advanced Oxidation Technolo-
gies (AOTs) is of relatively recent vintage. However, AOPs/AOTs are proving to be
important contributions to the treatment of water and air to remove harmful and
toxic contaminants. Thus, it is gratifying to see this very comprehensive and
authoritative treatise appear covering all aspects of AOPs/AOTs. These range from
the treatment of industrial wastewaters, drinking water (both contaminant re-
moval and disinfection), ultrapure water to the purification and deodorizingof air.
Light sources include low pressure and medium pressure UV lamps, flash lamps,
incoherent excimerlamps and sunlight itself.
This treatise includes 146 figures, 17 worked out examples and 37 tables (many
of which contain valuable collections of data and references). Each of the nine
chapters cites extensive references, including very recent papers where the reader
can follow up information in moredetail.
Professor Oppenländer is well qualified to write about AOPs/AOTs, since he
has contributedto this literature in a very significant manner. It is thus particular-
ly valuable to see the application of incoherent excimer lamps covered so well, a
subject that has been a central part of his research. Finally, it is good to see care-
ful attention being made to consistent terms, definitions and units in accord with
IUPACrecommendations.
This book will be of considerable value to graduate students, science and engi-
neering faculty, scientists, process engineers and sales engineers in industry,
government regulators and health professionals and all others with an interest in
purifying our water and air.
JamesR. Bolton
President,Bolton PhotosciencesInc.
628 Cheriton Cres.,NW, Edmonton AB, Canada T6R 2M5
VI
Curriculum vitae
Thomas Oppenländer studied chemistry at the University of Würzburg (Germany).
He received his doctoral degree (Dr. rer. nat.) in 1984 working in the research
group of Waldemar Adam on 185-nm-photochemistry of azoalkanes in solution.
The following year was spent as a postdoctoral fellow at Colorado State University
(Fort Collins, USA) in the group of Albert I. Meyers being involved in the asym-
metric synthesis of dihydropyridines and NADH mimics. From 1985 to 1991 he
was affiliated with F. Hoffmann-La Roche in Basel (Switzerland). Here he was
engaged in research on drug phototoxicity and on the photochemical production
of fine chemicals. Since 1991 he has been a full professor at the University of
Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) of Furtwangen (Germany) in the Department
of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, where he has been involved in photo-
initiated advanced oxidation technologies. His main interests concentrate on the
potentials of novel incoherent excimer lamps for photochemical treatment of
water and air.
VII
Preface
This book is aimed at researchers, engineers, and students who deal with prob-
lems in the expanding field of photo-initiated process technologies of water or air
treatment. It lays claim to be a mine ofinformation related to these interdisciplin-
ary topics and presents a selection of the most important primary and secondary
literature in this area of research and development. Clearly not all references of
the vast research literature could be incorporated. The detailed discussion of
many examples taken from the current scientific literature facilitates access to re-
search topics of particular interest from different but interrelated point of views.
This is supported by tables that collect together interesting studies, which deal
with new developments of photochemical advanced oxidation processes and tech-
nologies allowing easy access to the primary scientific literature. A most impor-
tant feature of this book is that it presents many detailed figures for the purpose
of visualization of photochemical and photophysical phenomena, for the presenta-
tion of the underlying basic principles and for the interpretation of important re-
search results. Additionally, several helpful example calculations are presented to
demonstrate the use of quoted equations dealing, for example, with photons and
reaction kinetics. This idea is thought to be very helpful in the understanding of
the mathematical relationships presented
Thus, the readerwill becomeacquaintedwith the basicknowledge that isessen-
tial for an understanding of photochemical processes.This will enable him/her to
carry out laboratory and large-scale experiments with the aim of developing and
improving AOPs. There are many researchers and engineers in water and air in-
dustries who require more extensive and novel information than that which is ob-
tainable from textbooks that have their emphasis placed on tradition. Therefore,
this book intends to supply such missing information to as great an extent as is
possible.
To avoid any misinterpretations concerned with the digit style of numbers, the
decimal point is used throughout the book instead of a comma (i.e. computer no-
tation: 1.03 instead of 1,03, except for some graphical representations). In repre-
sentative molecular structures, spin-paired non-bonding electrons around an atom
of a molecule are represented (if necessary) by a bold line “(cid:2)”, in accord with
commonly used Lewis-structures. Single electrons are represented by a dot “•”. A
full arrow ((cid:2)) indicates shifts of electron pairs, whereas single electron shifts are