Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews: Volume 3

308 Pages·1978·6.533 MB·English

by  Daniel H. Hug (auth.), Kendric C. Smith (eds.)

Photochemical
and Photobiological
Reviews
Volume 3
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
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actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Photochemical
and Photobiological
Reviews
Volume 3
Edited by
Kendric C. Smith
Stanford University School of Medicine
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Photochemical and photobiological reviews.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Photobiology·Coliected works. 2. Photochemistry-Collected works. I. Smith,
Kendric C., 1926· [ON LM: 1. Radiobiology-Periodicals. 2. Photochemistry-
Periodicals. W1 PH653]
OH515.P48 574.1 '9153 7543689
ISBN·13: 978·1·4684·2582·6 e·ISBN·13: 978·1-4684·2580·2
001: 10.1007/978·1-4684·2580·2
© 1978 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1978
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contents of Earlier Volumes
VOLUME 1
The C4 Pathway of Photosynthesis: Ein Kranz-Typ Wirtschaftswunder?
David G. Bishop and Malcolm L. Reed
Phycocyanins: Structure and Function
Alexander N. Glazer
Transmission of Solar Radiation into Natural Waters
Raymond C. Smith and John E. Tyler
Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of
Plankton
Richard B. Forward. Jr.
Sunlight and Melanin Pigmentation
Madhu A. Pathak. Kowichi Jimbow. George Szabo. and Thomas B. Fitzpatrick
Visible Light Therapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Thomas R. C. Sisson
Physiological Responses of Escherichia coli to Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
Paul A. Swenson
VOLUME 2
Biological. Photochemical, and Spectroscopic Applications of Lasers
Michael W. Berns
Photochemistry of the Nucleic Acids
Leonhard Kittler and Gunter Lober
v
vi Contents of Earlier Volumes
Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on the Human Eye
Richard B. Kurzel. Myron L. Wolbarsht. and Bill S. Yamanashi
Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation
Robert B. Webb
DNA Repair Enzymes in Mammalian Cells
Errol C. Friedberg. Kern H. Cook. James Duncan. and Kristien Mortelmans
Preface
The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories:
to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his
environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the
detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life
processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine.
To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of
biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists;
because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multi
disciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater
potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from
several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or
practical use.
Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in
depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that
these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in
the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a
ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they
frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking,
or suggest a redirection when appropriate.
Kendric C. Smith
Editor
vii
Contents
Contents of Earlier Volumes ...................................... . v
Preface ............................................... . vii
Chapter 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light ................... .
Daniel H. Hug
Chapter 2. Radiation Synergism and Antagonism 35
Rex M. Tyrrell
Chapter 3. The Melanins: Their Synthesis and Structure 115
Marsden S. Blois
Chapter 4. The Role of Mutagenesis in Carcinogenesis 135
James E. Trosko and Chia-cheng Chang
Chapter 5. Physical Properties of Excited States: A General Method
for Measuring Triplet-Triplet Extinction Coefficients.
Singlet-Triplet Intersystem Crossing Efficiences. and
Related Parameters ............................... , 163
Rene Bensasson and Edward J. Land
Chapter 6. Mapping the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins by
Photochemical Techniques ......................... , 193
Giulio Jori and John D. Spikes
Chapter 7. The Use of Microwaves for the Hyperthermic Treatment
of Cancer: Advantages and Disadvantages. . . . . . . . . . . .. 277
George M. Hahn
Index ................ . 303
ix
1
The Activation of Enzymes
with Light
Daniel H. Hug
Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Hospital, and Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
1. Introduction............................................................. 1
2. Direct Photoactivation of Enzyme Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Irradiation of Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1. Photoproduction of Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2. Irradiation of Crystalline Substrates ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. Irradiation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Irradiation of Inhibitors ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4. Irradiation of Enzyme-Inhibitor Complexes ............................. 8
2.5. Irradiation of Protein-Bound Chromophores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5.1. Chemically Modified Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5.2. Prosthetic Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.6. Irradiation of Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. Indirect Photoactivation of Enzyme Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1. Protein Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2. Protein Synthesis. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3. Photosynthetic Organisms and Phytochrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4. Membranes and Permeability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5. Photoresponses in Vertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1. Terminology........................................................ 22
4.2. Discussion.......................................................... 22
5. References.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. INTRODUCTION
Photoresponses have been described for bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae,
plants, invertebrates, and higher animals. These responses include
phototaxis, phototropism, photomorphogenesis, photoperiodism, vision, and
photocontrol of biological rhythms. The molecular details for the transla
tion of a light stimulus to the observed biological response remain largely
2 Daniel H. Hug
unknown for most responses to light. One possibility for the primary
process in the stimulation of biological responses is the enhancement by
light of an enzyme reaction. This can involve direct absorption of photons
by an immediate component of the enzyme system (e.g., substrate), or
indirect effects of light on enzymes such as the enhancement of protein syn
thesis, and enzyme activation which requires an additional protein acting as
a light activation factor. The light activation of enzymes represents a topic
that is developing rapidly, with particular emphasis in the areas of vision,
photochromic enzyme inhibitors, photoreactivation, and enzyme activation
in photosynthetic organisms. A few years ago there were not many reports
on the activation of enzymes by light, whereas the photoinactivation of
enzymes has received widespread attention for years. Light activates specific
enzymes, whereas inactivation by exposure to far-UV* radiation or by
photodynamic action is not enzyme specific. Some inactivations by visible
or near-UV light are selective, but are usually not reversible. Thus, enzyme
activation is somewhat more attractive as a basis for photoregulation than
is inactivation.
Three reviews on "light and enzymes" have appeared, not counting
those concerned primarily with photoinactivation. Erlanger (1976) reviewed
photoregulation of biological macromolecules. Photoresponses in
microorganisms, plants, and animals were compared to model photosensi
tive systems that incorporated photochromic compounds with enzymes.
Zucker (1972) reviewed the regulation of enzyme synthesis in plants by
light. A review of photoregulation of enzymes in plants presented a model
of phytochrome action (Smith et al., 1976).
The present review includes publications through 1976 and it stresses
the recent papers. Adequate reference to previous work may be found in the
papers listed. Photobiological reviews are often organized according to
organism or biological response. One biological response is usually
reviewed, such as photomorphogenesis (Smith, 1975), vision (Wald, 1968),
photoperiodism (Vince-Prue, 1975), or photoreactivation (Harm, 1976). By
contrast, in this review I have attempted to classify the effects of light on
enzymes by mechanism (e.g., "irradiation of substrate") rather than by
function. This classification scatters papers about photoreactivation under
four headings (Table 1). This perspective may reveal some relationships and
comparisons that are new. Future studies may require revisions in these
tentative classifications. For example, in the last five years, the currently
* Abbreviations: UV, ultraviolet; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; A TP, adenosine triphos
phate; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; NAD, nicotin
amide adenine dinucleotide; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; DNA,
deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA, ribonucleic acid; DNase, deoxyribonuclease; UDP, uridine
diphosphate.