Phosphorus-31 in vivo human cardiac magnetic resonance spectroscopy : development of MR spectroscopy techniques

160 Pages·1997·5.2 MB·English

by  Kim, Hee-Won, 1958-

PHOSPHORUS-31INVIVOHUMANCARDIAC
MAGNETICRESONANCESPECTROSCOPY:
DEVELOPMENTOFMRSPECTROSCOPYTECHNIQUES
By
HEE-WONKIM
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
\
1997
Thisdissertationisdedicatedto
mymother,SoonRanKwon
mywife,Jung-Hee
anddaughters,Dah-SongandYeh-Song
and
SaengJiLee,mymother-in-law
ofblessedmemory
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Allworkincludedinthisdissertationwouldnothavebeenpossible
withouttheguidanceofKatherineScott,Ph.D.,myprincipaladvisor.Dr.Scott
ismyscientificmentorandmotivator.Hergenuineenthusiasmforthepursuit
ofscientificknowledgeandwarmheartedpatiencewerearealencouragement
formeduringthewholeperiodofresearch.
Iamobviouslygratefultoallthesupervisorycommitteemembersfor
theirexcellentguidance,enduranceandprobingquestions.Jeffrey
Fitzsimmons,Ph.D.,gaveanoverallpictureofthewholebodyimagingsystem
wherethisresearchhasbeendoneandadvisedmetofollowthepropertrackof
MRinstrumentation.RichardBriggs,Ph.D.,advisedmetoclarifythe
assumptionsandthedataobtained.Hisrigorousproofreadingisalsomuch
appreciated.ToJ.RayBallinger,M.D.,Ph.D.,Iamindebtednotonlyforhis
adviceandsuggestionsforallinvivospectroscopicworkandmuchhelpatthe
rightmoments,butalsoforhisfriendshipandgenerosity.DavidHintenlang,
Ph.D.,gavehisthoughtfulcommentsonmyworks.ChrstineStopka,Ph.D.,
inspiredmewithherenthusiasticpersonalityandshapedmydissertationby
keenreviews.
Iamgratefultoallofmycolleaguesandfriendswhohavecontributedin
somanywaystowardthecompletionofthisresearch.Iamdeeplyindebtedto
HaejinKangPh.D.,forintroducingmetoDr.ScottandhelpingmesinceIfirst
participatedintheNMRrealm.Hefurnishednotonlytechniquesnecessaryfor
MRspectroscopybutalltheencouragementforlifeinGainesville.Fellow
graduatestudent,AngelaBrunerhasgivenmanydaysofhertimetosearching
outthemethodswelookedforandsharedthoughtsandtheexcitementduring
manystudies.IwishtorecognizeDavidPetersonwhodealtwithdifficultiesin
themiddleofengineeringproblemswhenIwastrappedduringbuildingthe
secondMRprobe.HeisanexcellentRFcoilengineerandwellawareofKorean
cultures.CarolSweeneyhassharedwithmelotsoftheexcitementand
frustrationofMRspectroscopy.Iwishtothankherforencouragement,forhelp
inconstructingphantomsandherthoughtfulpersonalitywhichwas
sufficientlyinsightfultohelpmeoutofsomedifficulties.JimScottadvisedme
inthedesignofthesecondprobeandgavemegoodinsight.Iamreallygrateful
forhissuggestions,andIwasalwaysdelightedwithhiswarmpersonality.
DianaGarside,Ph.D.,advisedmeinhandlingchemicalsubstances.Iwishto
thankChrisHunterandTeresaLyles,M.S.,forasecretarialsupport.Teresa
Lyles’enthusiasticpersonalitywasaninvigorationinGatorcountry.Jintong
Mao,Ph.D.helpedmetostarttouseEPIC®programming.ToSoonNyung
Huh,Ph.D.,whoprovidedsoundunderstandingtheRFcommunicationandto
MarianBuszko,Ph.D.,whodiscussedmanyaspectsofMRtechniques,I
expressmydeepthanks.
Iappreciatethecommentsofferedbythefollowingexpertswho
furnishedmanyhelpfulsuggestions.CecilCharles,Ph.D.,gaveaninsighton
howtoimplementtheoutervolumesuppressionwithCSI.BenInglis,Ph.D.,
waswillingtosupportmewhenIsuggestedaplantoapplytheBIR-4pulseto
31Pspectroscopy.MichaelGarwood,Ph.D.,kindlysenttheBIR-4pulsefiles.
NapaponSailasuta,Ph.D.andQingTan,M.S.,providedsourceprograms
necessaryforEPIC®pulseprogramming.TomRaidy,Ph.D.,sharedhis
expertiseinoutervolumesuppressionsandshortTespinecho.Iamgrateful
fortheirkindandvaluablehelp.IthanktoHeungKyuLee,Ph.D.,for
IV
discussionsontheMRimagingsystem.Healwaysencouragedmethroughout
theresearchperiod.
Iwouldliketorecognizemyformerteachersandseniors.Inparticular,I
ammuchobligedfortheencouragementofChangSoonKang,Ph.D.,myformer
graduateadvisorinKorea,ChangKunLee,Ph.D.,JungEuiKuh,Ph.D.,and
HaeRyongHwang,Ph.D.,whoalwaysregardmewithaffection.
Ialsohavetoexpressmyappreciationtoallthevolunteerswhomadea
specialefforttohelpmyusuallyrushedrequests.ThanksalsogotoDukWon
Kim,M.S.,whospentalotoftimeinhelpingmeorganizethemanuscriptfiles.
Iammostgratefultomyfamilyinmycountrywhosogenerously
encouragedmetostudyabroadeveninadversity.Iamverymuchindebedto
mymother,SoonRanKwon.Surely,herprayerwasresponded.Iowea
tremendousdebtofgratitudetomysisters,HwaSeungandHaeJa,for
encouragementandpatienceandforagooddealofmoralsupportthroughout
mystudy.MyspecialthanksgotoMr.DongDuShinforrendering support
andgivingmanydaysofhisprecioustimetome.
Iwishtorecognizemyfather-in-law,ChunDukOh,forallhehasgiven
sounselfishlyinthemostheartbreakingdaysinhislife,ashavemysister-in-
lawJeeHeeOhandYoungHoonKimforencouragementwhenitwasmost
needed.
Nodoubtmygreatestdebtsaretomyfamily.MydaughtersDah-Song
andYeh-SonghaveturnedourlivesintotrulyhappySongs.Withoutmywife,
Jung-Hee,nothingwouldhavebeenpossible.Herlovemadeallmydaysa
happyexperience.Igivehermylovingappreciation.
v
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
LISTOFTABLES viii
LISTOFFIGURES ix
SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONS xiii
ABSTRACT xv
INTRODUCTION
1
ExistingKnowledgeinThisArea 1
StatementoftheProblem 3
SpecificAimsoftheProposedResearch 4
FeasibilityofSurfaceCoilSpectroscopy 5
CardiacGatingMRExperiment 5
OuterVolumeSuppressionanditsHybrid 5
ChemicalShiftImagingwithOuterVolumeSuppression 6
Quantitation 6
SURFACECOILSPECTROSCOPY 7
ReviewoftheLiterature 7
DesignandBuildingofSurfaceCoils 8
COILA:Transmitter/ReceiverSurfaceCoil 9
DoublyTunedCircuit 10
COILB:SeparateTransmitterandReceiverCoil 11
CoilBuilding 13
LOCALIZATIONTECHNIQUESFORCARDIACSPECTROSCOPY 22
ReviewofLocalizationTechniquesforCardiacSpectroscopy 22
RotatingFrame 22
DepthResolvedSurfaceCoilSpectroscopy(DRESS) 23
ImageSelectiveInVivoSpectroscopy(ISIS) 23
SpectroscopicImaging 24
TheTechniquesDevelopedforThisStudy 24
OuterVolumeSuppressionPulse 24
OVSPulse 26
OVSpulsedesign(I):Cos-sincpulse 26
OVSpulsedesign(II):SLRsaturationpulse 31
2DOVS/IDISISHybrid 32
ShortTeSpinEcho 33
SpectroscopicImaging 33
vi
1
MATMERRISAyLsSteAmNDMETHODS ! 5522
PhantomStudy 52
InVivoCardiacSpectroscopy 54
HumanVolunteers 54
ECGCardiacGating 54
B0FieldShimming 56
ShimmingwiththeSTEAMsequence 57
InVivoSpectroscopyProtocol 60
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION 68
PhantomExperiments 68
TestsoftheCoils 68
COILA 68
COILB 69
ShortTeSpinEchoPulse 71
OVS-ISISLocalization 72
SpectroscopicImaging1 73
SpectroscopicImagingII 74
HumaninVivoCardiacSpectroscopy 76
31PMRCardiacSpectra 76
PCr/ATPRatio 77
BloodContamination 80
SUMMMRAPRrYobAeNDCONCLUSION 1Il1l
LocalizationTechnique 112
Phosphorus-31CardiacMRinVivoSpectroscopy 113
APPENDIXA:Matlab®M-fileforSaturationPulseDesign 115
APPENDIXB:Cos-SineSaturationPulse 120
APPENDIXC:SLRMaximumPhaseSaturationPulse 125
APPENDIXD:PhaseModulatedBIR-4Pulse 129
LISTOFREFERENCES 134
vii
LISTOFTABLES
Table page
Table2.1 ComparisonofCOILAandCOILB 15
Table5.1 SNRcomparisonfromMDPApeakbetweenthetwocoils ; 70
Table5.2 PartlysaturatedPCr/ATPratiofromhumanheartmuscle 78
Table5.3 PartlysaturatedPCr/ATPratiofromavoxeladjacent/exterior
totheheartlayer 78
Table5.4 Partialsaturationcorrectionfactors 79
Table5.5 PCr/ATPratioadjustedbysaturationcorrectionfactors 80
viii
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure page
Figure2.1 CircuitdiagramofCOILA 16
Figure2.2 Fieldstrengthvs.distancefromthecoil 17
Figure2.3 COILA:Doublytunedtransceivercoil 18
Figure2.4 CircuitdiagramofCOILB 19
Figure2.5 COILB:Separate-transmitter/receivercoil 20
Figure2.6 COILA(center),COILB(right)andlargetransceivercoil 21
Figure3.1(a) PhasemodulatedBIR4pulse 36
Figure3.1(b) BlochsimulationofBIR4pulse 37
Figure3.2 OutputoftheMatlab®pulsegenerationprogram 38
Figure3.3 Signalresponseofthecos-sincpulse 39
Figure3.4 Mzresponseofthecos-sincpulse 40
Figure3.5 MaximumphaseSLRsaturationpulse 41
Figure3.6 SignalresponseoftheSLRsaturationpulse 42
Figure3.7 MzresponseoftheSLRsaturationpulse 43
Figure3.8(a) BlochsimulationofGEstandardsaturationpulse 44
Figudreeph3.a8si(an1g) gBrlaodcihenstimulationofGEstandardsaturationpulsewith 45
Figure3.8(b) Blochsimulationof2kHzSLRMaximumPhasesaturation
pulse 46
Figure3.8(b’) Blochsimulationof2kHzSLRMaximumPhase
saturationpulsewithdephasinggradient 47
IX
Figure3.8(c) Blochsimulationof5kHzSLRMaximumPhasesaturation
pulse 48
Figure3.8(c’) Blochsimulationof5kHzSLRMaximumPhasesaturation
pulsewithdephasinggradient 49
Figure3.9 DoubleOVS-ISIShybridpulsediagram 50
Figure3.10 CSIcombinedwithSLRMaximumPhasesaturationpulse
diagram 51
Figure4.1 10mmsliceaxialimageofPHANTOM1 63
Figure4.2 10mmsliceaxialimageofPHANTOM2 64
Figure4.3 TypicalposteriorplacementoftheECGeleoctrode 65
Figure4.4 ProtonspectrumaftershimmingwithSTEAM 66
Figure4.5 ProtonspectrumwithB0shimmingwithAUTOSHIM 67
Figure5.1 Unlocalized31PspectrumfromPHANTOM2usingCOILB 82
Figure5.2(a) Signalfromthe5cmdeep25mmcoronalslicewitha1.8
msexcitationpulseusing7.5cmtransceiverCOILA 83
Figure5.2(b) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmcoronalslicewitha
doubleamplitude3.6msexcitationpulseusingCOILA 83
Figure5.2(c) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmaxialslicewitha3.6ms
excitationpulseusingCOILA 84
Figure5.2(d) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmaxialslicewithadouble
amplitude3.6msexcitationpulseusingCOILA 84
Figure5.3(a) Signalfromthe5cmdeep25mmcoronalslicewitha1.8
msexcitationpulseusingseparatetransmitter/receiverCOILB 85
Figure5.3(b) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmcoronalslicewitha3.6
msexcitationpulseusingCOILB 85
Figure5.3(c) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmcoronalslicewitha
doubleamplitude3.6msexcitationpulseusingCOILB 86
Figure5.3(d) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmaxialslicewitha3.6ms
excitationpulseusingCOILB 86
Figure5.3(e) Signalfromthe5cmdeep20mmaxialslicewithadouble
amplitude3.6msexcitationpulseusingCOILB 87
x