Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase (1988): Volume II

137 Pages·1988·11.826 MB·\137

by  David N. Brindley (Author)

CRC SERIES IN ENZYME BIOLOGY
Editor-in-Chief
John R. Sabine, Ph.D.
3-HYDROX Y-3-METH YLGLUT ARYL
COENZYME A REDUCTASE
Editor
John R. Sabine, Ph.D.
Department of Animal Sciences
Waite Agricultural Research Institute
University of Adelaide
Adelaide, Australia
PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
Editors
J. C. Wallace, Ph.D.
D. B. Keech, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemistry
University of Adelaide
Adelaide, Australia
CHOLESTEROL 7a-HYDROXYLASE
(7a-MONOOX Y GENASE)
Editors
Robin Fears, Ph.D.
Biosciences Research Center
Beecham Pharmaceuticals Research Division
Epsom, United Kingdom
John R. Sabine, Ph.D.
Department of Animal Sciences
Waite Agricultural Research Institute
University of Adelaide
Adelaide, Australia
PHOSPHATIDATE PHOSPHOHYDROLASE
Editor
David N. Brindley, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group
Faculty of Medicine
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Canada
Phosphatidate
Phosphohydrolase
Volume II
Editor
David N. Brindley, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Heritage Medical Scientist
Professor of Biochemistry
Lipid and Lipoprotein Group
Faculty of Medicine
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Canada
CRC Series in Enzyme Biology
Series Editor-in-Chief
John R. Sabine, Ph.D.
First published 1988 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
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SERIES PREFACE
The “CRC Series on Enzyme Biology” is a series of books, each one devoted to a single
enzyme and each one endeavoring to draw together in a comprehensive and systematic
manner all that is currently known about the chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of
that particular enzyme. Each volume, written or edited by one or more international enzyme
specialists, draws together the latest information available on the occurrence, structure,
function, role, and control of the biologically more important enzymes.
Each chapter or section of each volume is not written primarily for those specializing in
that narrow area (innumerable specialist reviews do this), but rather to provide a coherent
and integrated summary of that aspect for those working on other, quite different facets of
the same enzyme. In this way several distinct classes of scientist, and student, will benefit
from each volume, namely, those concerned with “type” situations of which that enzyme
is an example, those working on the metabolic systems of which that enzyme is a key
component, and those concerned with diseases in which the enzyme has an important role.
PREFACE
Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes a critical reaction in the
synthesis of glycerolipids. The diacylglycerol that it produces is the precursor for the synthesis
of triacylglycerols, phosphatidycholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, and in plants for
galactolipids. Consequently, its activity is essential in most tissues especially in order to
provide the phospholipids that are needed for membrane formation. Because of this, no
attempt has been made to review all papers on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase but rather
we have selected tissues in which the enzyme has been characterized fairly extensively and
for which there is a reasonable body of evidence concerning its role in metabolic regulation.
The mammalian tissues that have been chosen are liver, lung, and adipose tissue since
their requirements for glycerolipid synthesis are specialized and fairly different. There is a
further chapter that deals with plants and microorganisms. Each of these chapters has a
general section that describes the special needs for glycerolipid synthesis and the physio­
logical context in which the regulation of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity can be
understood.
On a personal level, I should like to thank all of my colleagues who have worked with
me on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. I particularly wish to mention those who have offered
criticism and advice in the preparation of these volumes and those whose work is illustrated
in Chapters 1 and 2. These include: Mariana Bowley, Paul Bracken, Sue Burditt, Carmen
Cascales, Maria Cascales, June Cooling, Robin Fears, Paul Hales, Roger Hopewell, Helen
Glenny, Katherine Lloyd-Davies, Heather Mangiapane, Ashley Martin, Paloma Martin-
Sanz, Janette Morgan, Sylva Pawson, Richard Pittner, Haydn Pritchard, Andy Salter, Janice
Saxton, and Graham Sturton.
Finally, my deep gratitude to my Ph.D. supervisor and friend, the late Professor Georg
Hubscher. He introduced me to phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and taught me so much
about biochemistry.
SERIES EDITOR
John R. Sabine, M. Agr. Sc., Ph.D. is a Reader in Animal Physiology at the Waite
Agricultural Research Institute of the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Dr. Sabine
obtained his Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Agricultural Science from the University of
Melbourne and then his Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition in the laboratory of Dr. B. Connor
Johnson at the University of Illinois, Urbana. After several research appointments — Monash
University, Australian National University, and the University of California, Berkeley, he
was appointed to the faculty of University of Adelaide in 1967. At various times since then
he has held Visiting Professorships at Brandeis University (Graduate Department of Bio­
chemistry), the University of Stockholm (Wenner-Gren Institute), the University of Okla­
homa Health Sciences Center (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology), and
the University of Kuwait (Department of Biochemistry), as well as Visiting Scholar ap­
pointments at Oxford University (Department of Clinical Medicine) and Harvard University
(Chemistry Department).
Dr. Sabine is a member of several scientific societies, including particularly the Australian
Biochemical Society, the Nutrition Society of Australia, and the Australian Physiological
and Pharmacological Society. He has presented his research findings at various national and
international meetings, and has been chairman of a number of sessions at these meetings.
He was co-convenor of, and leader of the Australian delegation to, the U.S./Japan/Australia
Cancer Conference (Hawaii, 1975) and the convenor and chairman of the unique international
symposium “Lipids in Cancer’’, which was held on board the Indian-Pacific Express as a
satellite meeting to the 12th International Congress of Biochemistry, 1982. In 1979 he
delivered the 12th Patricia Chomley Oration to the Australian College of Nursing.
Dr. Sabine has published some 50 research articles and 14 invited reviews. He is on the
Editorial Board for Nutrition and Cancer, and his book Cholesterol was the first compre­
hensive coverage of this important field to appear in 20 years. His major research interests
revolve around cholesterol physiology, with particular reference to the control of its synthesis
and to its role in membrane structure and function, and with emphasis upon the role of
cholesterol in the etiology of cancer. He has further research interests in such diverse fields
as the role of earthworms in biological resource recovery, the physiology of goats for meat
and fiber production and the interaction between scientists and society.
THE EDITOR
David N. Brindley, Ph.D., D.Sc. was Professor of Metabolic Control in the Department
of Biochemistry at the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
Professor Brindley received his undergraduate training in the Department of Medical
Biochemistry, University of Birmingham and received a B.Sc. (1st Class Honours) in 1963.
He then studied for a Ph.D. in the same Department under the supervision of the late Professor
G. Hübscher and gained his Ph.D. in 1966. A further year was then spent as a Postdoctoral
Fellow with Professor Hübscher. The work was concerned with the control of glycerolipid
synthesis in the small intestine in relation to fat absorption.
In 1967 Professor Brindley moved to Harvard University where he worked for two years
as a Postdoctoral Fellow for Professor K. Bloch. The work investigated the synthesis of
fatty acids in Mycobacterium phlei. A multienzyme complex of fatty acid synthetase was
shown to occur in a bacterium for the first time and novel stimulating factors for fatty acid
synthesis were demonstrated.
Professor Brindley retruned to England in 1969 to join the newly established Medical
School in Nottingham. He was subsequently promoted from Lecturer to Senior Lecturer,
Reader, and then Professor and he gained his D.Sc. from the University of Birmingham in
1977. From January 1, 1988, he has accepted the position of Heritage Medical Scientist
and Professor of Biochemistry in the newly formed Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group
that is sponsored by the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research.
His main interests are the effects of hormones, metabolites, drugs, and diet in regulating:
(a) glycerolipid synthesis particularly at the level of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase; (b)
the secretion of very low density lipoprotein and lysophosphatidycholine from the liver; (c)
the binding and uptake of low and high density lipoproteins by the liver; (d) insulin re­
sponsiveness and metabolism in adipose tissue; and (e) food intake and the level of circulating
glucose and triacylglycerol.
CONTRIBUTORS
David N. Brindley, Ph.D., D.Sc.* Fred Possmayer, Ph.D.
Heritage Medical Scientist Professor
Professor of Biochemistry Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Lipid and Lipoprotein Group and Biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine University of Western Ontario
University of Alberta London, Ontario, Canada
Edmonton, Canada
John L. Harwood, Ph.D., D.Sc. Molly J. Price-Jones, Ph.D.
Professor Research
Department of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry
University College University College
Cardiff, Wales Cardiff, Wales
E. D. Saggerson, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Reader in Biochemistry
Biochemistry Department
University College London
London, England
* At the time these volumes were written, Dr. Brindley was Professor of Metabolic Control, Department of
Biochemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
Chapter 1
General Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1
David N. Brindley
Chapter 2
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase Activity in the Liver.........................................................21
David N. Brindley
Chapter 3
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase Activity in Adipose Tissue................................................79
E. D. Sagger son
Index...........................................................................................................................................125
Volume II
Chapter 4
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase in Plants and Microorganisms........................................... 1
J. L. Harwood and M. J. Price-Jones
Chapter 5
Pulmonary Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase and Its Relation to the Surfactant
System of the Lung ...................................................................................................................39
Fred Possmayer
Chapter 6
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................119
David N. Brindley
Index 121