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Phonology in the Twentieth Century Second edition, revised and expanded Stephen R. Anderson language History and Philosophy of the Language science press Sciences 5 HistoryandPhilosophyoftheLanguageSciences Editor:JamesMcElvenny Inthisseries: 1. McElvenny,James(ed.).Formandformalisminlinguistics. 2. VanRooy,Raf.Greece’slabyrinthoflanguage:Astudyintheearlymoderndiscoveryof dialectdiversity. 3. Aussant,Émilie&Jean­MichelFortis.Historicaljourneyinalinguisticarchipelago:Case studiesonconcepts,fields,andcommitments. 4. McElvenny,James&Ploder,Andrea.Holismsofcommunication:Theearlyhistoryof audio­visualsequenceanalysis. 5. Anderson,StephenR.PhonologyintheTwentiethCentury:Secondedition,revisedand expanded. ISSN(print):2629­1711 ISSN(electronic):2629­172X Phonology in the Twentieth Century Second edition, revised and expanded Stephen R. Anderson language science press StephenR.Anderson.2021.PhonologyintheTwentiethCentury:Secondedition, revisedandexpanded (HistoryandPhilosophyoftheLanguageSciences5). Berlin:LanguageSciencePress. Thistitlecanbedownloadedat: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/327 ©2021,StephenR.Anderson PublishedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Licence(CCBY4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN:978-3-96110-327-0(Digital) 978-3-98554-023-5(Hardcover) ISSN(print):2629-1711 ISSN(electronic):2629-172X DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5509618 Sourcecodeavailablefromwww.github.com/langsci/327 Collaborativereading:paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=327 Coverandconceptofdesign:UlrikeHarbort Typesetting:StephenR.Anderson Fonts:Libertinus,Arimo,DejaVuSansMono Typesettingsoftware:XƎLATEX LanguageSciencePress xHain GrünbergerStr.16 10243Berlin,Germany langsci-press.org StorageandcataloguingdonebyFUBerlin Contents Prefacetothesecondedition v Prefacetothefirstedition ix 1 Introduction 1 2 FerdinanddeSaussure 21 2.1 Saussure’slifeandcareer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2 TheSaussureanviewoflanguage,languages,andlinguistics . . 30 2.3 Thelinguisticsign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 Therelationoflanguagestotheirhistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3 Saussure’sViewofsoundstructure 41 3.1 Sounds,soundimages,andtheirstudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2 ‘Phonèmes’and‘phoneticspecies’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3 Thelinguisticrepresentationofsignifiants . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.4 Someapproachestothestudyofphonologicaldifferences . . . . 53 3.5 Saussure’sdescriptionofalternations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.6 Saussureandthephonologicaltradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4 TheKazanSchool:DeCourtenay 69 4.1 Biographicalremarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2 ThestudyofsoundsystemsintheKazanschool . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3 Thenatureofphonologicalstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.4 Kruszewski’stheoryofalternations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.5 Baudouin’sdevelopmentofthetheoryofalternations . . . . . . 88 4.6 Thelaterhistoryof‘Kazanphonology’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5 FromtheMoscowCircletothePragueSchoolandTrubetzkoy’s Grundzüge 99 5.1 ThebackgroundofthePragueCircleandthelifeofTrubetzkoy 100 5.2 Unitsinphonologicalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.3 Thestructureofphonologicalsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Contents 5.4 Suprasegmentalproperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.5 Neutralization,archiphonemes,andmarkedness . . . . . . . . . 126 5.6 Morpho(pho)nology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6 RomanJakobsonandthetheoryofdistinctivefeatures 137 6.1 Originsofthedistinctivefeaturetheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.2 Developingthetheoryofdistinctivefeatures . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.3 TheadequacyofJakobson’sdistinctivefeatures . . . . . . . . . 146 6.4 Kindersprache,AphasieundallgemeineLautgesetze. . . . . . . 152 6.5 InformationtheoryandJakobson’slegacy . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 7 StructurallinguisticsinCopenhagen:LouisHjelmslevandhiscircle 165 7.1 Hjelmslev’slifeandcareer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2 Hjelmslev’snotionofan‘immanent’Linguistics . . . . . . . . . 174 7.3 Basictermsofglossematicanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.4 Hjelmslev’sapproachtothedescriptionofsoundstructure . . . 182 7.5 Theroleofsimplicityinaglossematicdescription . . . . . . . . 189 7.6 Nonsegmentalstructureinglossematicphonology . . . . . . . . 194 7.7 EliFischer-Jørgensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8 AndréMartinetandFunctionalPhonology 205 8.1 Martinet’slifeandcareer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.2 Phonologyasfunctionalphonetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.3 Functionalfactorsinphonologicalchange . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9 BritishlinguisticsandFirthianprosodicanalysis 225 9.1 HenrySweet,DanielJones,andtheBritishphonetictradition . 228 9.2 J.R.Firth’slife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 9.3 TheFirthianviewoflanguageandlinguistics . . . . . . . . . . . 239 9.4 Systemsandstructures,soundsandprosodies . . . . . . . . . . 243 9.5 Relationsbetweenprosodicandotherapproachestophonology 250 10 FranzBoasandthebeginningsofAmericanlinguistics 257 10.1 WilliamDwightWhitney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 10.2 EarlyworkonAmericanIndianlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 10.3 FranzBoas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 10.4 LinguistictheoryandBoas’sHandbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 10.5 Boas’sviewsofphonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 10.6 RepresentationsandrulesinBoas’sdescriptions . . . . . . . . . 276 ii Contents 10.7 AbstractnessinBoas’sphonologicalpractice . . . . . . . . . . . 281 11 EdwardSapir 287 11.1 Sapir’slife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 11.2 Sapir’sviewofthenatureoflanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 11.3 Sapir’sconceptionofphonologicalstructure . . . . . . . . . . . 302 11.4 Sapir’sdescriptivepracticeinphonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 11.5 RulesandtheirinteractionsinSapir’sphonology . . . . . . . . 312 11.6 Therelationbetweenrulesandrepresentations . . . . . . . . . 315 APPENDIX:AbstractnessandSapir’sanalysisofSouthernPaiute. . . 321 12 LeonardBloomfield 329 12.1 Bloomfield’slifeandcareer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 12.2 Bloomfield’sviewoflanguage,linguistics,andpsychology . . . 335 12.3 Bloomfield’sconceptionofthephoneme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 12.4 RepresentationsinBloomfield’sphonology . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 12.5 The‘abstractness’ofphonemicrepresentations . . . . . . . . . 350 12.6 Morphophonemicsandthedescriptionofalternations . . . . . . 354 13 Americanstructuralistphonology 361 13.1 SomeprominentAmericanstructuralists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 13.2 TheAmericanstructuralistviewoflanguage . . . . . . . . . . . 365 13.3 Initialformulationsofthenotionof‘phoneme’ . . . . . . . . . . 371 13.4 Twaddell’s“OnDefiningthePhoneme” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 13.5 Subsequentdevelopmentsinstructuralistphonemics . . . . . . 383 13.6 Americanstructuralistmorphophonemics . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 13.7 Ruleinteractionsandthenatureofdescriptions . . . . . . . . . 396 14 GenerativePhonologyanditsorigins 403 14.1 ThedeclineandfallofAmericanstructuralism . . . . . . . . . . 404 14.2 Theemergenceofgenerativephonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 14.3 MorrisHalleandthebasesofgenerativephonology . . . . . . . 412 14.4 Theantecedentsofgenerativephonologicaltheory . . . . . . . 426 15 TheSoundPatternofEnglishanditsAftermath 433 15.1 ThenatureoftheSPEprogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 15.2 TheproblemofphoneticcontentwithintheSPEtheory . . . . . 436 15.3 Howabstractarephonologicalrepresentations? . . . . . . . . . 442 15.4 Constrainingrepresentations:‘NaturalGenerativePhonology’ . 446 iii Contents 15.5 Constrainingrules:Naturalphonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 16 Towardanewmillennium 457 16.1 Afocusonrepresentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 16.1.1 MetricalPhonologyandstructureabovethesegment . . 459 16.1.2 AutosegmentalPhonologyandstructurewithinthe segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 16.2 TheriseofOptimalityTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 16.3 Analternativeview:TheLaboratoryPhonologymovement . . . 468 16.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 References 473 Sourcesofillustrations 505 Index 513 Nameindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Languageindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Subjectindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 iv Preface to the second edition A few words first about the origin of my own interest in the history of our field.MyundergraduateeducationinLinguisticscamesimultaneouslyfromtwo strongrepresentativesoftheAmericanStructuralisttradition,WilliamM.Austin andAlvaL.Davis,andfromoneoftheveryfirstgraduatesoftheprogramatMIT toteachinanothermajorinstitution,JamesD.McCawley.Themanifestincom- patibilitiesbetweenthesetwoworldviewsmademewonderjustwherethefield hadcomefrom,andthecourseofferedatthe1966LinguisticInstitutebySirJohn Lyons initiated me into a sense of how rich and complex that background was. WhenIenteredtheMITprogramthefollowingfall,myinitialintentionwasto produceadissertationonthehistoryoflinguistics.Althoughthatdidn’tcometo pass,myinterestinsuchastudydidnotgoaway,andwasinfactreinforcedby discussions with colleagues and faculty, and especially by Paul Kiparsky’s fine classesinwhatwasmisleadinglyreferredtobyMITstudentsofthetimeas“the BadGuyscourse”. When I had the opportunity to spend a wonderful sabbatical year in Copen- hagen in 1972–73 with the support of a Fellowship from the ACLS, I was privi- legedtobenefitfromthecordialhospitalityandassistanceofEliFischer-Jørgen- sen (section 7.7 below). Eli also had me read and comment on the developing manuscriptofherownmagisterialsurveyofthehistoryofphonology(Fischer- Jørgensen1975),andencouragedmeintheideaofdoingsomethingsimilarfroma differentperspective.ThatpossibilitycameclosertofruitionwhenVickiFromkin turnedherhistoryoflinguisticscourseatUCLAovertomein1981,andanother ACLS Fellowship allowed me to undertake the first edition of this book during mystayinGenevastartingthefollowingyear,asdescribedintheprefacetothe firsteditionbelow. The reception of that work was in general (though not universally) gratify- ingly positive, an impression reinforced by the fact that translations have ap- peared in Spanish (by Elena and Miguel Aparicio, published asLafonologiaen elsigloXXbyEditionesAntonioMachado,1990)andmostrecently,inChinese (as二十世纪音系学,translatedbyChangliangQuwithanewpreface,published byTheCommercialPress,Beijing,2016). Prefacetothesecondedition Itdidnottakelong,however,forittobecomeobviousthatpublishingabook entitledPhonologyintheTwentiethCenturyin1985wasremarkablyfoolish.In factthelate1980sandearly1990swereatimeofspecialturbulenceinphonolog- icaltheory,andbytheendofthecenturythingslookedquitedifferentthanthey hadwhenIwroteintheearly1980s.Anumberofdevelopments,somediscussed in chapters 15 and 16 below, marked the dissolution of the consensus loosely characterizableasthatof“post-SPE”phonology,andtheappearanceofPrince& Smolensky 1993 brought a radically new set of problems and perspectives, not foreseenintheoriginaleditionofthiswork,toprominence,asdescribedbelow in chapter 16. I also note there the emergence of a distinct line of theorizing aboutthenatureofphonology,theLaboratoryPhonologymovement,whichhas soughttoreturnthestudyofsoundstructuretoitsphoneticroots. Inaddition, newscholarship hasappeared on many of thetopics and central figures of the book as originally conceived, and it is appropriate to incorporate asmuchofthatworkaspossible.Accordingly,theaimofthepresenteditionisin parttoupdatetheaccountspreviouslyofferedofphonologistsandtheirresearch, andtoextendthepicturepresentedinawaythatbringsusmoreauthenticallyto theturnofthecentury,whilealsofleshingoutthereferencesandnotingrelevant workthathasappearedsincethefirstedition. Iamappreciativeofthesuggestionsandcorrectionsinthereviewsthathave appeared, especially the reviews by Kenneth Howell (HistoriographicaLinguis- ticaXIII: 85–91, 1986), Roger Lass (JournalofLinguistics23:476-481, 1987) and EliFischer-Jørgensen(Phonetica44:192-195,1987).Iamespeciallygratefultothe lateStephenO.Murrayforhisremarksinasurveyarticle(HistoriographicaLin- guisticaXVI:149–171,1989)andforasetofdetailedcommentsonthetextwhich heprovidedme.IamsadthatIwillnotbeabletodiscusstherevisedbookwith him. I would also like to thank Elan Dresher and Harry van der Hulst for sharing with me chapters of their forthcoming Oxford University Press volume theOx- fordHandbookoftheHistoryofPhonology.Thediverseperspectivespresented thereonthetopicsofthepresentwork(amongothers)formaveryusefulcom- plement to my own presentation, and I have learned a lot (some of which is incorporatedhere)fromreadingthismaterial,whichhasalsohighlighteditems intheliteraturethatarerelevanttomyaccount. In addition to minor editorial changes and enlarging both the coverage and the references beyond their original form, I have tried to correct errors of fact and interpretation. Where other views have been developed in the literature, but where I feel that my original analysis is reasonable, I have let that stand in substanceratherthantryingtoengagewithallalternativeinterpretationsofthe vi

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