Phonology

353 Pages·2013·11.665 MB·English

by  Carr, Philip, Montreuil, Jean-Pierre

PHONOLOGY
MODERN LINGUISTICS SERIES
Series Editor
Professor Maggie Tallerman
Newcastle University, UK
Each textbook in the Modern Linguistics series is designed to provide an intro-
duction to a topic in contemporary linguistics and allied disciplines, presented
in a manner that is accessible and attractive to readers with no previous expe-
rience of the topic. The texts are designed to engage the active participation of
the reader, and include exercises and suggestions for further reading. As well as
an understanding of the basic concepts and issues for each topic, readers will
gain an up-to-date knowledge of current debates and questions in the field.
Titles published in the series
English Syntax and Argumentation (4th Edition) Bas Aarts
Phonology (2nd Edition) Philip Carr and jean—Pierre Montreuil
Pragmatics Siobhan Chapman
Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition Vivian Cook
Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook
Nikolas Coupland and Adam jaworski
Morphology (2nd Edition) Francis Katamba and john Stonham
Semantics (2nd Edition) Kate Kearns
Syntactic Theory (2nd Edition) Geoffrey Poole
Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles Mark Sebba
Further titles are in preparation
Modem Linguistics Series
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ISBN 978-0-333-71701-1 hardcover
ISBN 978-0-333-69344-5 paperback
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Phonology
Second Edition
PHlLlP CARR
AND
JEAN-PIERRE MONTREUIL
© Philip Carr 1993
© Philip Carr and jean-Pierre Montreuil 2013
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First edition ‘I993
Second edition 2013
Published by
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Contents
Prafizce to the Second Edition IX
Preflzce to the Firs: Edition x
Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xii
Acknowledgements ta the Firs: Edition xiii
Revision of Phonetics 1
l. Consonants 1
2. Vowels 8
1 The Phonemic Principle 13
1.1 The language of phonology 14
1.2 Phonemic rules 20
1.3 Phonological representations 27
1.4 Concluding remarks 29
Exercises 29
Further reading 31
2 Altemations 32
2.1 The internal structure of words 32
2.2 Testing hypotheses about rules and representations 35
2.3 Morphophonological alternations 37
2.4 Choosing between analyses 38
2.5 Deletion and insertion 39
2.6 The ordering of rules 40
2.7 Concluding remarks 46
Exercises 46
Further reading 49
3 Features, Classes and Systems 50
3.1 Expressing generalisations 50
3.2 Features (i) 51
3.3 General remarks 56
V
W. 9°,'5'I?'1T§,, ,_
3.4
Features (ii)
3.5
Features in representations
Features in rules
3.6
Implicational relationships
3.7
Exercises
Notes
Further reading
Problems with the Phonemic Principle
4.1
Contrast and neutralisation
4.2 Contrast and the minimal pair
4.3
An alternative to the phonemic principle: generative
phonology
Exercises
Further reading
The Organisation of the Grammar
5.1
The lexicon
5.2
The location of morphology
The phonological component vs the lexicon
5.3
Summing up
5.4
Exercises
Notes
Further reading
Abstrarrtness. Psychological Reality and the
Phonetics! Phonology Relation
6.1 Ordering relations and rule application in the
SPF. model
6.2
Absolute neutralisation
6.3
Abstractness and psychological reality
6.4
Underlying representations and naturalness
6.5
Abstractness, phonological change and child language
acquisition
Exercises
Further reading
The Role of the Lexicon
Phonology and morphology revisited: lexical
7.1
phonology
Lexical and postlexical application
7.2
7.3
Structure preservation, abstractness and productivity
Redundancy and underspecification
7.4
vii
CONTE NTS
161
Exercises
163
Notes
164
Further reading
Representations Reconsidered lil: Phonological Structure
above the Level of the Segment
166
166
8.1 Lexical rules, phonotactics and the syllable
171
8.2 Syllabification and syllable-based generalisations
177
8.3 Extrasyllabicity, the CV tier and abstractness
182
8.4 The CV tier, segment length and complex segments
187
8.5 Stress assignment, rhythm and the foot
197
8.6 Symmetry, clash avoidance and the metrical grid
8.7 Prosodic domains and the syntax! phonology
201
relationship
206
Exercises
208
Notes
Representations Reconsiclerecl (iii: Autosegmental and
213
Subsemental Phonology
213
9.1 Nasality, segmental and suprasegmental
219
9.2 Vowel harmony
230
9.3 Dominant/recessive harmony
233
9.4 Feature geometry and subsegrnental structure
237
Exercises
238
Notes
Phonological Weight
240
240
10.1 Weight and time
242
10.2 The basic architecture
243
10.3 The weight of coclas
246
10.4 The structure of gerninates
249
10.5 Stress-to-weight and weight-to-stress
250
10.6 Moraic theory and compensatory lengthening
254
10.7 The worcl—final weight asymmetry
255
Exercises
257
Further reading
Optimality Theory
258
258
1 1.1 The basic architecture
262
1 1.2 The logic of output-driven models
263
11.3 Positional constraints
266
1 1.4 The Factorial typology
269
1 1.5 The nature of the input
1111 7 fip courems
11.6 The prosody—melody interface
11.7 Positional markedness vs positional faithfulness
11.8 Conclusion
Exercises
Further reading
12 lssuesin Optimality
12.1 Opacity: problems
12.2 Output-to-output correspondence
12.3 Re—analysing cyciicity
12.4 Opacity: some proposed answers
12.5 Conclusion
Exercises
Further reading
Feature Specificariamfbr Consonant:
Sample Answers to Exercises
Rqfirences
Subject Index
Language Inaex
Preface to the Second Edition
The first edition of this textbook appeared in 1993. It was intended as an
introduction to generative phonology and adopted a historical perspective.
It introduced the phonemic principle, the problems with that principle and
proposed solutions to those problems using the standard generative phonol-
ogy framework of the late 1960s. That model was based on Chomsky and
l-lalle’s 1968 book, T/re Sound Pattern 0fEnglis/J (SPE), and was known as the
SPE model. The book also covered theoretical developments in generative
phonology from SPE through to the early 1990s.
The book was widely used, but became outdated, and thus less useful for
students. At the time of its release, a new framework was emerging, known
as Optimality Theory (OT). OT has since become widely used, so we have
updated the book to include it (Chapters 11 and 12). We have also included
coverage of what is known as ‘phonological weight’, which is introduced and
exemplified in Chapter 10. In this new edition, we have cut out the final
chapter of the first edition, conliated Chapters 6 and 7 and updated several
other chapters. We have increased the size of the book, but we have avoided
making it too long.
We have retained the historical perspective of the first edition, so that this
edition now covers an even larger chronological span than the first. The range
of languages covered has been considerably expanded. We hope that this
revised edition will prove accessible and useful For university students seeking
to get to grips with theoretical phonology. We have retained the emphasis on
exercises: in our view, one cannot understand phonological analysis without
sitting down and engaging in it.
P1-In. CARR
JEAN-PIERRE MONTREUIL
ix