Phonological Acquisition and Ambient Language .A Corpus Based Cross-Linguistic Exploration

200 Pages·2009·8.64 MB·English

Phonological Acquisition
Ambient Language
and
Corpus Based Cross-Linguistic Exploration
.A
SANDRA WARREN
A in fulfilment
thesis
submitted partial of the
University Hertfordshire
the
requirements of of
for degree Doctor Philosophy
the
of of
Volume 2 2 Volumes
of
Appendices
The in
the
progranufie qfGear'ch was, carried out
Department Huma-nities
of
Faculty,
Humanities, Languages Education
of
and
University,
Hertfordshire
of
Decemb. 2001
er
APPENDICES
English Consonant Phonemes
Appendix 2.1 Phonetic Description
of
in Use in English Words
Appendix 2.2 English Consonant Phonemes
Appendix 2.3 Phonetic Description English Vowel Phonemes
of
Appendix 2.4 English Diphthongs Triphthongs
and
One Syllable English Word Possibilities
Appendix 2.5
In Various Corpora
Appendix 2.6 English Word Frequency Rankings
Consonant Phonemes
Appendix 2.7 Phonetic Description Finnish
of
Appendix 2.8 Phonetic Descriptioii Finnish Vowel Phonemes
of
Appendix ý. I Background Jakobson's Universalist Theory
to
Appendix 4.1 CMLDES English Child Data Files
Appendix 4.2 Oulu Child Data Guide
.
A 5.1 Sample AWK Programs Developed for English FUSE
ppendix of
rxF
Processing
Appendix 5.2 U. K. Alvey Standard for Machine Readable Phonemic
Transcription
Appendix 6.1 English Adult Homographs
6.2 English Adult Homophones
Appendix
Notation Vowels
Appendix 6.3 English Transcript
-
Notation Consonants
Appendix 6.4 English Transcript
-
Language Corpus Transcription Codes
Appendix 6.5 Helsinki Spoken
-
Notation Vowels
Appendix 6.6 Finnish Transcript
-
Notation Consonants
Appendix 6.7 Finnish Transcript
-
i.
APPENDICES (continued)
Appendix 7.1 English Adult Word Types Phoneme Frequencies
Appendix
7.2 English Adult WI Phoneme Frequency
Appendix
7.3 English Adult WI Minimal Pair Groups
Appendix
7.4a English Adult WI FUSE Count A
-
WI
Appendix 7.4b English Adult FUSE Count B
-
Appendix 7.4c English Adult WI FUSE B Comparison
and
-A
Appendix 7.5 Most Frequent Finnish Words Translated
Appendix 7.6 Finnish Adult Word Types Phoneme Frequencies
Appendix 7.7 Finnish Adult WI Phoneme Frequency
Appendix 7.8 Finnish Adult WI Minimal Pair Groups
Appendix 7.9a Finnish Adult WI FUSE Count A
-
Appendix 7.9c Finnish Adult WI FUSE B Comparison
and
-A
Appendix 7.10 English Child Group Phoneme Frequencies
-
Appendix 7.11 English Child Group FUSE Rankings
-
Appendix 7.12 Finnish Child Group Phoneme Frequencies
-
Appendix 7.13 Finnish Child Group FUSE Rankings
-
Appendix
8A English Adult FUSE Group Child Frequency Correlation
to
Appendix
8.2
Finnish Adult FUSE Group Child Frequency Correlation
to
Appendix 8.3
EnglishAdult FUSE Group Child FUSE Correlation
to
Appendix 8.4 Finnish Adult FUSE Group Child FUSE Correlation
to
Appendix 8.5 English Adult WJ Frequency to Group Child W. I. Frequency
Correlation
Appendix 8.6 Finnish Adult W. I Frequency to Group Child W. I. Frequency
Correlation
App 8.7 Cross-Linguistic Adult Frequency Correlation
endix
Appendix 8.8 Cross-Linguistic Adult FUSE Correlation
Appendix 8.9 Cross-Linguistic Group Child Frequency
Correlati
on
Appendix 8.10 Cross-Linguistic Group Child FUSE Correlation
ii
APPENDMES (continued)
Appendix
8.11 English Adult To Finnish Child FUSE Correlation
Appendix
8.12 English Adult To Finnish Child Frequency Correlation
Appendix
8.13 Finnish Adult To English Child FUSE Correlation
Appendix
8.14 Finnish Adult To English Child Frequency Correlation
Appendix
9.1 Individual English Child Words
Appendix 9.2 English Child
Individual WI Phoneme Frequency
-
Appendix 9.3 English Child
Individual FUSE Rankings
-
Appendix 9.4 Individual Finnish Child Words
Appendix 9.5 Finnish Child Individual WI Phoneme Frequency
-
Appendix 9.6 Finnish Child
individual FUSE Rankings
-
111
Appendix 2.1 Phonetic Description English Consonant Phonemes
of
-
Phoneme Manner Articulation Place Articulation Voiced/Voiceless
of of
Ib/
Plosive Bilabial Voiced
/p/
Plosive Bilabial Voiceless
/d/
Plosive Alveolar Voiced
/t/ Plosive Alveolar Voiceless
/g/
Plosive Velar Voiced
/k/ Plosive Velar Voiceless
/V/ Fricative Labiodental Voiced
/f/ Fricative Labiodenta; Voiceless
/a/ Fricative Dental Voiced
/0/ Voiceless
Fricative Dental
/Z/ Voiced
Fricative Alveolar
/s/ Voiceless
Fricative Alveolar
/31 Fricative Palato-Alveolar Voiced
/S/ Fricative Palato-Alveolar Voiceless
/h/ Fricative Glottal
/tj/ Affiicate Voiced
Palato-Alveolar
M31 Affiicate Voiceless
Palato-Alveolar
/m/ Nasal Voiced
Bilabial
/n/ Nasal Alveolar Voiced
-
Nasal Velar Voiced
/I/ Lateral Alveolar Vo, iced
/w/ Approximant, Bilabial Voiced
/r/
Approximant Voiced
Palato-Alveolar
Approxunant Palatal Voiced
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of
Appendix 2.2 English Consonant Phonemes in Use In English Words
-
Orthographic
Form English Words
of
Word
Word Word
Initial
Medial Final
Position Position Position
Phoneme
/P/
keep
part paper
/b/ but job
about
Al
letter
team
met
/d/
big
together
gather
/kI
become bespoke
coast
/g/
legacy log
gone
/V
food if
affect
/V/
believe
view revision
/0/
birthday
thing
earth
/8/
father
the
smooth
/S/
thesis
sort space
/Zi
trousers
zoology chose
shirt assure ash
/3/
x
unusual garage
/h/ had x
somehow
AS/
fortunate
touch
chat
M31
just
object arrange
/M/
man element am
/n/
need renewal rain
/13/
limit longer king
/I/ lead
tool
valley
/W/
where railway watch
/r/
x
right wiring
/j/
x
youth volume
X Not Applicable in
that
word position
Page 1 I
of
Appendix 2.3 Phonetic Description English Vowel Phonemes
of
-
Phoneme Front / Central / Open Mid Rounded / Long Short
_
Back Close Unrounded
Front Close Unrounded Long
/e/
Front Md Unrounded Short
/M. /
Front Open Unrounded Short
/I/
Central NEd Unrounded Short
/3/
Central Md Unrounded Long
/U/ Central
Nfid Rounded 'Short
Central Nfid Rounded Short
/U/ Back Close Rounded Long
/A/
Back Nfid Unrounded Short
/0/ Back Nfid Rounded Short
/Ci/ Back Open Unrounded Long
- FShort
IRounded
/D/ Back Open
Page 1 I
of
Appendix 2.4 English Diphthongs Triphthongs
and
-
Phoneme Example Word
Orthographic Form Phonetic Notation
Diphthongs
her /hm/
/ez/
hair /hez/
/UQ/ /sUQ/
sure
/ei/ /mer/
may
/ai/ /mai/
MY
/01/ boy fti/
/Ou/ Inou/
no/know
.
/au/ Inau/
now
Triphthongs
/eio/ layer /leiz/
/aia/ /Waia/
wire
/3IQ/ /rO1101
royal
/Qua/ /SIQUO/
slower
/auz/ Kauo/
our/hour
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Appendix 2.5 One English Word Possibilities
syllable
-.
1. Nucleus (V)
25
only syllables =
25 25
possibilities as vowel phonemes.
Syllables
1750
with consonant onsets = possibilities
2a. Singleton (CV) 575
consonant onsets =
different
23 25
possible consonant onsets x possible vowels
2b. Two (CCV) 975
consonant cluster onsets =
39 different 25
two
possible consonant cluster onsets x vowels
2c. Three (CCCV) 225
consonant cluster onsets
=
9 different three 25 vowels
possible consonant cluster onsets x
3. Syllables 1600
with consonant codas =
3a. Singleton 500
consonant codas =
25 20 different
possible vowels x possible singleton consonant codas
3b. Two 925
consonant cluster codas =
25 37 different
two
possible vowels x possible consonant cluster codas
3c. Three 75
consonant cluster onsets =
25 different
three
vowels x3 possible consonant cluster consonant
3d. Four 100
consonant cluster codas =
25 different four
vowels x4 possible consonant cluster codas
4. Syllables 113,600
with consonant onsets and codas =
71 25 64 113,600.
possible onsets x possible vowels x possible codas =
Two if in
syllable words, all syllable combinations were pronounceable, would provide
25,000,000,000 (113,600 113,600) different
excess of x word possibilities, and so on.
Page I I
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Appendix 2.6 English Word Frequency Rankings in Various Corpora
-
Birmingham Brown LOB London Lund
Word Rank Rank Rank Rank
the I 1 1 1
2 2 2 5
of
3 3 3 3
and
4
to 4 4 4
5
5 5 6
a
in
6
6 6 9
7
that 7 7 8
1 8
20 17 2
-
it
9 12 10 10
10
9 9 13
was
is
11 8 8 11
he 12
10 12 18
for 13
11 11 20
14 33 32 7
you
15 16 16 16
on
16 13 14 32
with
17 14 13 29
as
be
18 17 15 21
had
19 22 21 55
but
20 25 24 15
they 21 30 33 24
22 18 19 26
at
his
23 15 18 85
have
24 28 26 19
25 23 23 35
not
this 26 21 22 14
27 24 27 42
are
28 27 31 44
or
by 29 19 20 65
30 41 40 23
we
31 37 3 72
she
from 32 26 25 53
33 32 38 36
one
34 36 39 33
all
there 35 38 36 38
_
her
36 35 29f 96
37 34 35 64
were
38 31 28
43
wldch
29 34
81
an 139
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