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Biological Evaluation R2-99-07 Phomopsis Blight at Bessey Nursery March 1999 ome “ 7 Pe a. ase ts - | Speedie oak gera ee ott eens a : & ¥ > 7 a ~ Ce wi Se Biological Evaluation R2-99-07 Phomopsis Blight at Bessey Nursery March 1999 sal Prepared by: kee €~/ Jeri Lyn Harris Plant Pathologist Rapid City Service Center Approved by: Rapid City ‘Service Center Leader R2, Forest Health Management Approved by: { Gd \ Live, Eee Robert D. Averill ones ve Group Leader R2, Forest Health Management Renewable Resources USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region 740 Simms Street Golden, CO 8040 Ae! eet >) Aan on 7 rere ‘ a i a Bee leva roe bayouesh renigite vila au stitial yale 03 | _ algeotu mio rey erdas dwld >ke aniyloei?i hrecaei nPsy wiatnte da bna by maCgoeesd inane ye ' pietesa ; stale) wor eit bie sisalas ty: cnt af? somal 1) Gleeg etty tee oe , 7 june rw BO") Gee TOOL lo eqoweng Sere oy 8 Swab wntU sonpea alts wader -* i Lehner wiefedew woth vtyt sienn et val gw «herent bee Tighan Satetra burgot bus caboga bellqus a adkere qrew4t .eteieg aclt po sella -¢ tH san ) oiler? el caw gore ¥O¢ af i Pot wh ees ot} py Jevownls D « LA oll® eto galevcrws of ood aed beer of seesveih ltT ied jneeee Mi = Stove Lee leew yd ome aahclrotigd: eolbouternwe vis be aphan, shire tous 7 soi lyy ab Yo WM Lokfoly sage dcxail CHOg M0 eeeethoeee eer hatin sear giv ot reli dT Gta oben 4 glenn): wets tan ell, thy rs r Meio tut howe viobeas wo) th abel geet has: st) bee @trwnt 48So8 tac art x 7% un yn en ibe ooges Seer eat el sees, > ede 5b escernay 808; a2e e 30 “0 Sec gueneh éb or atescrss swing Wed t3 cine a ew aeoeigge abigant olnggo : 1) PUIG WO oolGsT fi O goo (leetiode fins ageditovee heat) oreine: bad sal a i. 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ANS re & ow | acarouierag! a 7 RAV | wee ees goMis s To tei & atih silent eetalh oii Th Strush view! pao tagieia Quinta lacus 3) 79gGn glaehA _ piety (MEM) ies) soivied wa bicte - irae. carp A of lod hoself dimipes| age go‘l Hoe, | WO iwyetnr ot laa ad phe ato git booo tus bow aieadijoay a” Grea ak corn e netleine ‘sear’ avi Qurrtomnctewe apbatheatlattet erly 2¢ rmeiemaeay agino yub sathageoeats Lessr y itec ine ‘ ot - _ X . : win ningoneel No deeper insM l Jee nk “i _— 7 ; ws of ci Rotting, worl anaer i? ortons aat : / Gy tande? wey wer Of Abts Serowtyestit WER GoIN is 7. -199 aera atl weit basstravercur ores Grub 7 wait air 1 gelins1 9%) aust wedal 1r1) ar onipg! woiloy 2 “ 7 4 Ray saa te Shah sadeed eannnt Loy dare ql tes c oget brane oT chau ott Mee agoitoanretit ss alt(L 1a mes i , sty af, . ogni 2w il hut oo ee ys:t t oeacnit Yo Ingwerds yack conoRy UaDa regearaatehT ew maniatepesn gs wie 7 rip a ee eee a - “4 ‘a bith ; > hha - tells enon cocking eo fae yesy Oa en - faac oubor, bAa s uh nani aa 7 e atesi esv. yo uera~ ~?s b e 3aa| 7 rah Zz Ea ind | endl ;7 myFy 7 Ty] Pi “Sal, ’aee yy I ere type of spores, alpha and beta. Alpha spores are clear, non-distinct, spherical spores. Beta spores are slender, needle-like spores. Both spore types occur as tendrils or coils exuding from the pycnidia and are distributed by water movement. P. juniperovora spores are resilient and re- main viable even after drying. As soon as climate and environmental conditions become right for spore development, the spores germinate and infect new host tissues. Optimal conditions for spore gemination are at 100% humidity, for 7 hours, at 75° F (Peterson 1986). The fungus infects and kills new foliage when it is still in its "light green” stage. Young trees are especially vulnerable to this fungus. A total crop loss is possible with first year seedlings and ex- tensive crop loss may occur in second year seedlings. Sometimes the disease seems to be exac- erbated late in the growing season as a late flush of new growth occurs to the seedlings (Otta et al. 1980). Outplantings of infected trees, even slightly infected trees, are not promising (Peterson and Hodges 1989). The infected branches of the seedlings will reinfect the small tree again causing further damage and increase the likelihood of mortality (Hodges and Green 1961). Mature trees in shelterbelts and landscape plantings may also become infected, but will probably only exhibit some dead branch tips since the fungus can only girdle small branches. Rarely will the disease kill mature trees but the dead branch tips may cause the plantings to look unsightly. These dead branch tips may also act as inoculum sources for the spread of the disease to younger trees (Peterson 1986; Anderson et. al. 1980). Management for the disease consists of a combination of fungicide treatments, cultural practices, and using resistant seed sources (Peterson and Otta 1979). Systemic fungicides which translo- cate to new, vulnerable foliage are recommended. Benomy] and thiophanate fungicides have yielded good results when used every 7 - 10 days during the growing season (Otta 1973; Fiedler and Otta 1979; Otta et al. 1980). However, many of these fungicides are not currently listed for use with P. juniperovora. Perhaps the best contro] method for nurseries is to remove infected seedlings as soon as the symptoms become evident. In the Great Plains region, seedlings should be closely monitored tor this disease. Rogueing diseased seedlings when the foliage is dry reduces inoculum levels in the seedbeds and helps prevent healthy seedlings from being infected (Peterson 1986). Reducing moisture on the foliage helps reduce outbreaks of the disease. Juniper seed beds should be located in well-drained soils to lower the available water to fungal spores. If shading frames are used for the seedlings, then the frames need to be removed in a timely manner to al- low the foliage to dry before evenings (Anderson et. al. 1980). Studies have shown that there can be disease resistance among different seed sources of juniper (Peterson 1984). Provenance plantings indicate that certain seed sources grow well in the Great Plains despite the presence of P. juniperovora in the area. Some of the most resistant seed sources for eastern redcedar have been found in central Nebraska (Schaefer 1995). ve i oe. z 3 i a srk ; o ae 4 a , s¥ es ol | seas eos pit ol ae - oe eT ga enee fice we abinbaia eamleee ets ir, « vahelieray Tie iT. i) Qi realeanenn ay Vong avooupnnE 4 eden v BAA ya halite sinS er ay idigen DVT soicats Rare Int: ee a palit Oyt yne fh a ave yal notte lori weegelt tod aieN I itty ates wri Ta we “uicin a Ba - ; LORET ner). 4 PRT tec ma ® wo 949 Lean 3800 i snr s Les - | esD we oy) ee Byeta “isthe rigif 6. 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