Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear

461 Pages·2015·3.012 MB·English

by  Irena Milosevic, Randi E. McCabe (eds.)

PHOBIAS
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PHOBIAS
The Psychology of Irrational Fear
Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe, Editors
Copyright 2015 by ABC-CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Phobias : the psychology of irrational fear / Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe,
Editors.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
  ISBN 978-1-61069-575-6 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61069-576-3 (ebook)
 1. Phobias—Encyclopedias.  2. Anxiety disorders—Encyclopedias.  I. Milosevic, 
Irena (Clinical psychologist), editor. II. McCabe, Randi E., editor.
  RC535.P52 2015
  616.85'22003—dc23      2014039583
ISBN: 978-1-61069-575-6
EISBN: 978-1-61069-576-3
19  18  17  16  15    1  2  3  4  5
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.
Visit www.abc-clio.com for details.
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ABC-CLIO, LLC
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To my grandmother, Asja, and late grandfather, Mišo, whose support and
generosity are always deeply appreciated.
Irena Milosevic, PhD
To my children, Liam and Brendan, who teach me on a daily basis about
the truly important things in life.
Randi E. McCabe, PhD
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments, xi
Introduction, xiii
Entries
Acarophobia (Imagined Infestation), Aversions, 40
1 Aviophobia (Fear of Flying), 42
Acrophobia (Fear of Heights), 2 Bandura, Albert (1925– ), 45
Age of Onset, 4 Barlow, David H. (1942– ), 48
Agliophobia (Fear of Pain), 5 Beck, Aaron T. (1921– ), 50
Agoraphobia (Fear of Panic-Like Behavior Therapy, 53
Symptoms), 7 Behavioral Approach Test, 56
Ailurophobia (Fear of Cats), 11 Behavioral Experiment, 59
American Psychiatric Association, 12 Behavioral Model, 61
American Psychological Association, Benzodiazepines, 62
13 Beta-Blockers, 64
Amygdala, 14 Carbon Dioxide Challenge Test, 67
Antony, Martin M. (1964– ), 16 Childhood, Phobias in, 68
Anxiety and Depression Association  Chronicity, 72
of America, 18 Classical Conditioning, 74
Anxiety and Related Disorders, 19 Classification, 76
Anxiety and Related Disorders  Claustrophobia (Fear of Enclosed
Interview Schedule, 23 Spaces), 77
Anxiety Sensitivity, 24 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 79
Apiphobia (Fear of Bees), 26 Cognitive Bias Modification, 84
Applied Relaxation, 28 Cognitive Model, 86
Applied Tension, 30 Cognitive Restructuring, 88
Aquaphobia (Fear of Water), 32 Cognitive Therapy, 89
Arachnophobia (Fear of Spiders), 34 Comorbidity, 91
Association for Behavioral and Contingency Management, 94
Cognitive Therapies, 35 Cortisol, 96
Astraphobia (Fear of Thunder and Craske, Michelle G., 98
Lightning), 36 Cultural Differences, 99
Attention, 38 Cynophobia (Fear of Dogs), 102
Atychiphobia (Fear of Failure), 40 D-Cycloserine, 105
vii
viii | Contents
Differential Diagnosis, 107 Foa, Edna B. (1937– ), 182
Disease-Avoidance Model, 110 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), 184
Disgust Sensitivity, 112 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, 189
Distraction, 115 Gender Differences, 190
DSM-5, 116 Guided Mastery Therapy, 192
Dysmorphophobia (Fear of  Habituation, 195
Deformity), 118 Hypnosis, 196
Ellis, Albert (1913–2007), 120 Hypochondriasis, 198
Emetophobia (Fear of Vomiting), 122 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
Emotional Processing Theory, 123 (HPA) Axis, 200
Entomophobia (Fear of Insects), 125 Iatrophobia (Fear of Doctors), 202
Erotophobia (Fear of Sex), 127 Implosive Therapy, 203
Erythrophobia (Fear of Blushing), 128 Information-Processing Biases, 205
Evolution, Role of, 130 International Classification of
Exposure, Imaginal, 134 Diseases, 210
Exposure, In Vivo, 136 Jones, Mary Cover (1897–1987), 212
Exposure, Interoceptive, 137 Lang, Peter J. (1930– ), 215
Exposure Treatment, 140 Learning Theory, 216
Extinction, 144 Lifespan, Phobias across the, 219
Eye Movement Desensitization and  Limbic System, 220
Reprocessing, 145 Marks, Isaac M. (1937– ), 223
Eysenck, Hans J. (1916–1997), 147 Medical Student Syndrome, 225
Fainting Response, 151 Memory, 226
Fear, 153 Modeling, 228
Fear, Animal Models of, 156 Musophobia (Fear of Mice), 229
Fear, Neural Pathways of, 160 National Institute of Mental Health,
Fear, Physiology of, 163 231
Fear, Return of (Relapse), 165 Neuroimaging, 232
Fear Generalization, 167 Non-Associative Model, 237
Fear of Driving, 169 Nosophobia (Fear of Disease or 
Fear of Germs, 171 Illness), 239
Fear of Strangers (Stranger Anxiety), Nyctophobia (Fear of the Dark), 240
172 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 242
Fear of Success, 174 Ollendick, Thomas H. (1945– ), 244
Fear of the Unknown, 175 One-Session Treatment, 244
Fear Survey Schedule, 177 Operant Conditioning, 247
Fear-Potentiated Startle, 177 Ophidiophobia (Fear of Snakes), 249
Fight-or-Flight Response, 179 Ornithophobia (Fear of Birds), 252
Flooding, 181 Öst, Lars-Göran, 253
Contents | ix
Panic Attacks, 255 Psychology, 333
Panic Disorder, 257 Ptophobia (Fear of Falling), 334
Pavlov, Ivan (1849–1936), 258 Rachman, Jack (1934– ), 336
Perceived Control, 260 Reciprocal Inhibition, 338
Perception, Visual, 262 Risk Factors, 339
Personality, 265 Rothbaum, Barbara O., 341
Phobia, Animal Type, 268 Safety Behavior, 343
Phobia, Blood-Injection-Injury Type, Selective Serotonin Reuptake
269 Inhibitors, 345
Phobia, Choking, 271 Self-Efficacy Theory, 346
Phobia, Dental, 272 Skinner, B. F. (1904–1990), 348
Phobia, Natural Environment Type, Social Anxiety Disorder (Social 
275 Phobia), 352
Phobia, Other Type, 276 Social Learning Theory, 355
Phobia, School, 278 Social Skills Training, 358
Phobia, Situational Type, 279 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM 
Phobia, Specific, 280 Disorders, 360
Phobia Types, 285 Subjective Units of Distress Scale, 361
Phobias, Assessment of, 287 Substance Use, 362
Phobias, Causes of, 289 Suicide, 363
Phobias, Diagnosis of, 293 Systematic Desensitization, 365
Phobias, Family Influences on the Temperament, 367
Development and Maintenance of,  Test Anxiety, 369
297 Thanatophobia (Fear of Death), 371
Phobias, Genetics of, 301 Thorndike, Edward L. (1874–1949), 
Phobias, History of, 304 373
Phobias, Impairment Related to, 308 Three Pathways Theory, 377
Phobias, Life-Threatening, 310 Treatment, Evidence-Based, 380
Phobias, Prevalence of, 311 Treatment, Medication, 382
Phobias, Social and Economic Treatment, Psychological, 384
Impact of, 313 Treatment, Self-Help, 389
Phobias in Popular Culture, 315 Treatment Outcome, Predictors
Phobic Beliefs, 320 of, 393
Phobic Neurosis, 323 Treatment Seeking, 396
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 324 Tripartite Model of Fear, 398
Preparedness Theory, 327 Triskaidekaphobia (Fear of the
Psychiatry, 329 Number 13), 400
Psychoanalysis, 330 Trypophobia (Fear of Holes), 401
Psychoeducation, 332 Twin Studies, 402