Philosophy of Mind: A Guide and Anthology PDF
Preview Philosophy of Mind: A Guide and Anthology
Philosophy of Mind A Guide and Anthology John Heil OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © John Heil 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published in 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-925383-8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Typeset in Adobe Minion by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Preface A s you hold this volume in your hand, you may be asking yourself whether the n. world really needs another anthology in the philosophy of mind. That will be for you to judge. In my experience, not all anthologies are created equal. This one includes, in addition to an extensive compilation of readings on particular topics, a dozen introductory essays designed expressly to encourage you, the reader, to think more deeply and critically about material you might be encountering for the first time. My hope is that these introductions, combined with the particular choice of readings, will yield a whole that is more than just a mereological sum of its parts. The creation of a volume like this involves endless difficult choices. Inevitably, philosophers intending to use the book in courses in the philosophy of mind will be disappointed that I have omitted favorite pieces, even favorite topics. My original plan called for twice as many selections and half again as many topics. This would have resulted in a peerless, but gargantuan anthology. In scaling back, I have tried to include readings with broad appeal across the discipline. I have included as well a handful of readings less commonly anthologized. Some of these are variations on familiar themes. In other cases, as for instance in the case of selections in Part XII, readings concern topics that have tended to be forgotten or ignored in anthologies and in university courses on the philosophy of mind. The idea is to loosen the grip of convention. I will consider the book a success if it encourages a few philosophers teaching such courses to look a little more critically at the subject. To that end, introductory essays are designed, not merely to provide background information for readers, but, wherever possible, to nudge discussion of particular topics out of the usual ruts. Many philosophers will take issue with matters addressed in the introductions. This is exactly the reaction sought. I would like those philosophers using the book in university courses to come clean-ontologically-with their students. With that in mind, I have taken care to avoid esoteric terminology and technical maneuvering of the sort that can make the philosophy of mind seem baffling to non philosophers. We philosophers have grown far too dependent on such devices, forgetting that they can obscure as well as illuminate. I believe that the really difficult issues in philosophy can, and should, be discussed in a way that could be appreciated by any intelligent reader. I am grateful to Davidson College and Monash University for their support of this project. I have been influenced by more people than I could possibly name here. The volume would never have seen the light of day without Harrison Hagan Heil's clarity of mind, good sense, and unwavering support and the support of Lilian, Gus, and Mark Heil. Ruth Anderson, my editor, has been saintly in her encouragement and patience. My colleague, David Robb, exercised a constant vi PREFACE steadying influence on my occasionally unruly thoughts about the nature of mental states and properties. The influence of another David, David Armstrong, in forcing me to see that what seems obvious is not always obvious pervades everything I have written here. My thoughts on ontology in general and, in particular, the ontology of mind, have been most profoundly influenced by C. B. Martin, the philosopher's philosopher. John Heil Contents Notes on contributors xiii General introduction Suggested readings 6 Part I Historical background Introduction 13 Souls and bodies 21 Plato 2 The soul as bodily organization 31 Aristotle 3 Minds and bodies as distinct substances 36 Rene Descartes 4 Matter and thought 59 John Locke Questions 68 Suggested readings 69 Part II Behaviorism and mind-brain identity Introduction 75 5 The logical analysis of psychology 85 Carl Hempel 6 Brains and behaviour 96 Hilary Putnam 7 Mind and body 105 R. J. Hirst 8 Sensations and brain processes 116 J. J. C. Smart 9 Identity and necessity 128 Saul A. Kripke Questions 134 Suggested readings 135 viii CONTENTS Part III Functionalism Introduction 139 10 An argument for the identity theory 150 David Lewis 11 Psychological predicates 158 Hilary Putnam 12 The mind-body problem 168 Jerry Fodor 13 What is functionalism? 183 Ned Block Questions 200 Suggested readings 201 Part IV Artificial intelligence Introduction 205 14 Computing machinery and intelligence 212 Alan M. Turing 15 Minds. brains. and programs 235 John R. Searle 16 Escaping from the Chinese room 253 Margaret A. Boden 17 The mind as software in the brain 267 Ned Block Questions 272 Suggested readings 273 Part V Interpretationism Introduction 277 18 Radical interpretation 286 Donald Davidson 19 Three kinds of intentional psychology 298 Daniel Dennett 20 Thought and talk 321 Donald Davidson CONTENTS ix 21 Replication and functionalism 334 Jane Heal Questions 349 Suggested readings 350 Part VI Eliminativism Introduction 357 22 Autonomous psychology and the belief-desire thesis 365 Stephen P. Stich 23 Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes 382 Paul Church land 24 Cognitive suicide 401 Lynne Rudder Baker Questions 414 Suggested readings 415 Part VII Externalism and mental content Introduction 419 25 Individualism and the mental 428 Tyler Burge 26 Brains in a vat 478 Hilary Putnam 27 Are we brains in a vat? 494 John Heil 28 Mental content 502 Jaegwon Kim Questions 516 Suggested readings 517 x CONTENTS Part VIII Subjectivity and self· knowledge Introduction 521 29 What is it like to be a bat? 528 Thomas Nagel 30 Could love be like a heatwave? 539 Janet Levin 31 Knowing one's own mind 553 Donald Davidson 32 Individualism and self-knowledge 572 Tyler Burge 33 Anti-individualism and privileged access 585 Michael McKinsey Questions 593 Suggested readings 594 Part IX Consciousness Introduction 599 34 What is consciousness? 607 D. M. Armstrong 35 Facing up to the problem of consciousness 617 David J. Chalmers 36 The intrinsic quality of experience 641 Gilbert Harman 37 Precis of Ten Problems of Consciousness 657 Michael Tye 38 Is experiencing just representing? 665 Ned Block Questions 672 Suggested readings 673 CONTENTS xi Part X Reduction Introduction 677 39 Mental events 685 Donald Davidson 40 The irreducibility of consciousness 700 John R. Searle 41 The metaphysics of irreducibility 709 Derk Pereboom and Hilary Kornblith 42 Multiple realization and the metaphysics of reduction 726 Jaegwon Kim Questions 749 Suggested readings 750 Part XI Is the mind-body problem insoluble? Introduction 755 43 Epiphenomenal qualia 762 Frank Jackson 44 Materialism and qualia: the explanatory gap 772 Joseph Levine 45 Can we solve the mind-body problem? 781 Colin McGinn 46 The why of consciousness: a non-issue for materialists 798 Valerie Gray Hardcastle Questions 807 Suggested readings 808 Part XII Challenges to contemporary materialism Introduction 813 47 The succinct case for idealism 821 John Foster 48 Difficulties with physicalism. and a programme for dualists Peter Forrest 837 49 Non-Cartesian dualism 851 E. J. Lowe
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