Philosophy and Cognitive Science: Western & Eastern Studies PDF
Preview Philosophy and Cognitive Science: Western & Eastern Studies
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics 2 Editor-in-Chief Prof.Dr.LorenzoMagnani DepartmentofArtsandHumanities PhilosophySection UniversityofPavia PiazzaBotta6 27100Pavia Italy E-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard Prof.AtochaAliseda InstitutodeInvestigacionesFilosoficas,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico(UNAM), CiudadUniversitaria,Coyoacan,04510,Mexico,D.F. E-mail:atocha@filosoficas.unam.mx Prof.GiuseppeLongo LaboratoireetDepartementd’Informatique,CREA,CNRSandEcolePolytechnique,LIENS, 45,RueD’Ulm,75005Paris,France E-mail:[email protected] Prof.ChrisSinha CentreforLanguagesandLiterature,P.O.Box201,22100Lund,Sweden E-mail:[email protected] Prof.PaulThagard DepartmentofPhilosophy,FacultyofArts,WaterlooUniversity,Waterloo,Ontario, CanadaN2L3G1 E-mail:[email protected] Prof.JohnWoods Department of Philosophy, University of BritishColumbia, 1866 Main Mall BUCH E370, Vancouver,BCCanadaV6T1Z1 E-mail:[email protected] Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10087 Lorenzo Magnani and Ping Li (Eds.) Philosophy and Cognitive Science Western & Eastern Studies ABC Editors Prof.Dr.LorenzoMagnani Prof.PingLi DepartmentofArtsandHumanities DepartmentofPhilosophy PhilosophySection SunYat-senUniversity UniversityofPavia No.135,XinGangXiLu PiazzaBotta6 Guangzhou510275 27100Pavia P.R.China Italy E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] ISSN2192-6255 e-ISSN2192-6263 ISBN978-3-642-29927-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-29928-5 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-29928-5 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012936807 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Today, the relationships between Asia and the Western world make the headlines onlywhentheyconcerneconomicdeals, folk-ideologicalconfrontations,ordiver- gentideasonhowtosolveinternationalcrises.Theculturaland,morespecifically, academicallinksarefrequentlydisregarded.Thisbookaimsatbeingan argument against such systematic lack of interest for the results of collaborations betweens Western and Eastern intellectuals and academics: what emerges from the juxta- position of papers of different geo-cultural origins – but dealing with the same issues–issometimesanovelapproach,whichtakesadvantageofthemultifaceted sensibilitiesinheritedbythescholarlylegacieswhocontributedtothedebate.This volume is a collection of selected papers that were presented at the international conference Philosophy and Cognitive Science (PCS2011), held at Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou,P.R.ChinainMay2011. Previous volumes prepared the basis for the realization of PCS2011, as a con- ferenceexplicitlydevotedtotheconjunctionofwesternandeasternstudies.Those volumesalsooriginatedfrominternationaljointresearchprojects,whichsucceeded in establishing a first relationship between the two worlds in the area of philoso- phyand cognitivescience. Model-BasedReasoninginScientificDiscovery, edited by L. Magnani, N.J. Nersessian, and P. Thagard (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub- lishers, New York,1999),based on the paperspresentedat the first “model-based reasoning” international conference, held at the University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy in December 1998, has been translated in Chinese, China Science and Technol- ogy Press, Beijing, 2000. Abduction, Reason, and Science by L. Magnani was translatedbyDachaoLiandYuanRenandpublishedbyGuangdongPeople’sPub- lishingHouse,Guangzhou,in2006.Othervolumes,Science,Cognition,andCon- sciousness, editedbyP. Lietal. (JiangXiPeople’sPress, Nanchang,China,2004, published in Chinese and English), Philosophical Investigations from a Perspec- tiveofCognition,editedbyL.MagnaniandP.Li(GuangdongPeople’sPublishing House, Guangzhou, China, 2006, published in Chinese), Model-Based Reasoning in Science, Technology, and Medicine, edited by L. Magnani and P. Li (Springer, Berlin/NewYork,2007),derivedfromthefollowingpreviousconferences:“Model- BasedReasoninginScienceandMedicine”(MBR06 CHINA,heldatSunYat-sen VI Preface University, Guangzhou, China, July 2006), and the first “Philosophy and Cogni- tive Science” international conference (PCS2004, held at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,China,June2004). The presentationsgiven at the Guangzhouconferenceaddressed variousrecent topics at the crossroad of philosophy and cognitive science, especially taking ad- vantageofbothwesternandeasternresearch.Theselectedpaperscontainedinthe proceedings mainly focus on the following areas: abductive cognition, visualiza- tion in science, the cognitive structure of scientific theories, the nature and func- tions of models, scientific representation, mathematical representation in science, model-basedreasoning,analogicalreasoning,moralcognition,cognitivenichesand evolution.Threesymposiacharacterizedtheworkshop–SymposiumonScientific Representation:Theoriesand Models (Chairs:Zhilin Zhangand ZhenmingZhai); SymposiumonAbductiveCognition(Chair:LorenzoMagnani);andSymposiumon CultureandCognition(Chairs:RemoJobandJingZhu).Thevariouscontributions ofthebookarewrittenbyinterdisciplinaryresearcherswhoareactiveintheareaof philosophyand/orcognitivescience. The editors wish to express their appreciationto the members of the Scientific Committeefortheirsuggestionsandassistance: - Akinori ABE, Innovative Communication Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Kyoto, JAPAN - Liliana ALBERTAZZI, Faculty of Cogni- tiveScience&CentreforMindandBrain,UniversityofTrento,Rovereto,ITALY - Emanuele BARDONE, Department of Philosophy, University of Pavia, Pavia, ITALY-XiangCHEN,DepartmentofPhilosophy,CaliforniaLutheranUniversity, ThousandOaks,CA,USA-XiaopingCHEN,InstituteofPhilosophy,SouthChina Normal University, Guangzhou,CHINA - Ronald N. GIERE, Center for Philoso- phyofScience,UniversityofMinnesota,USA-MichaelE.GORMAN,Divisionof SocialandEconomicSciences,NationalScienceFoundation,Arlington,VA,USA -RemoJOB,FacultyofCognitiveScience,UniversityofTrento,Rovereto,ITALY -PingLI,DepartmentofPhilosophy,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,CHINA -XingminLI,GraduateSchool,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,CHINA- LorenzoMAGNANI,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofPavia,Pavia,ITALY -WoosukPARK,Humanities&SocialSciences,KAIST,Guseong-dong,Yuseong- gu Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA - Claudio PIZZI, Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universityof Siena,Siena, ITALY - Ryan D. TWENEY, Depart- mentofPsychology,BowlingGreenStateUniversity,BowlingGreen,OH,USA- YidongWEI, Center for Philosophyof Science & Technology,ShanxiUniversity, Taiyuan, CHINA - Guolin WU, Center for Philosophy of Science & Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CHINA - Zhenming ZHAI, Departmentof Philosophy,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou,CHINA - Huaxia ZHANG,DepartmentofPhilosophy,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,CHINA- ZhilinZHANG,SchoolofPhilosophy,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,CHINA-Jing ZHU,DepartmentofPhilosophy,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,CHINA. Preface VII Special thanks also go to Emanuele Bardone and Tommaso Bertolotti for their contributioninthepreparationofthisvolumeandtoLizhenSun,FangYu,Lingyun Yang,HuiLi, and ShenghuaWang fortheir workin the localorganizingcommit- teeoftheGuangzhouconference.TheconferencePCS2011,andthusindirectlythis book,wasmadepossiblethroughthegenerousfinancialsupportofSunYat-senUni- versity,ZhanJiangChemicalIndustrialIncorporatedCorporation,theMIUR(Italian MinistryoftheUniversity),andUniversityofPavia.Theirsupportisgratefullyac- knowledged.Thepreparationofthevolumewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithout thecontributionofresourcesandfacilitiesoftheComputationalPhilosophyLabo- ratoryandoftheDepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofPavia. LorenzoMagnani UniversityofPavia,Pavia,ItalyandSunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou, P.R.China PingLi SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,P.R.China Pavia,Italy/Guangzhou,P.R.China,February2012 Contents Models, Representation, and Cognition ScientificModelsAreNotFictions:Model-BasedScienceasEpistemic Warfare ...................................................... 1 LorenzoMagnani AnExaminationoftheThesisofModelsasRepresentations........... 39 DachaoLi,PingLi On Animal Cognition: Before and After the Beast-Machine Controversy................................................... 53 WoosukPark FromMindlessModelingtoScientificModels:TheCaseofEmerging Models ....................................................... 75 TommasoBertolotti TheGreenhouseMetaphorandtheGreenhouseEffect:ACaseStudy ofaFlawedAnalogousModel .................................... 105 XiangChen AStudyofModelandRepresentationBasedonaDuhemianThesis .... 115 ChuangLiu FromtheReceivedViewtotheModel-TheoreticApproach............ 143 LeileiQi,HuaxiaZhang Abduction, Reasoning, andCognition CognitiveChanceDiscovery:FromAbductiontoAffordance.......... 155 AkinoriAbe X Contents AProposalonBelief,AbductionandInterpretation.................. 173 ClaudioPizzi NotbyLuckAlone:TheImportanceofChance-SeekingandSilent KnowledgeinAbductiveCognition................................ 185 EmanueleBardone CognitiveAbductionandtheStudyofVisualCulture ................ 205 Mar´ıaG.Navarro,NoemideHaroGarc´ıa UnderstandingScientificInferenceintheNaturalSciencesBasedon AbductiveInferenceStrategies ................................... 221 Jun-youngOh MoralIntuitionsvs.MoralReasoning.APhilosophicalAnalysisofthe ExplanatoryModelsIntuitionismReliesOn ........................ 239 SaraDellantonio,RemoJob EvolutionaryTolerance ......................................... 263 Lu´ısMonizPereira Scientific Models Are Not Fictions Model-Based Science as EpistemicWarfare LorenzoMagnani I seem to discern the firm belief that in [natural] philosophizing onemustsupportoneselfupontheopinionofsomecelebratedau- thor,asifourmindsoughttoremaincompletelysterileandbarren unlessweddedtothereasoningofsomeotherperson. Possiblyhe [LotharioSarsi]thinksthat[natural]philosophyisabookoffiction by some writer, like the Iliad or Orlando Furioso, productions in whichtheleastimportantthingiswhetherwhatiswrittenthereis true.Well,Sarsi,thatisnothowmattersstand.[Natural]Philosophy iswritteninthisgrandbook,theuniverse,whichstandscontinually opentoourgaze.Itiswritteninthelanguageofmathematics,and itscharactersaretriangles,circles,andothergeometricfigureswith- outwhichitishumanlyimpossibletounderstandasinglewordof it;withoutthese,onewandersaboutinadarklabyrinth. GalileoGalilei,TheAssayer Abstract.Inthecurrentepistemologicaldebatescientificmodelsarenotonlycon- sideredasusefuldevicesforexplainingfactsordiscoveringnewentities,laws,and theories, but also rubricated under various new labels: from the classical ones, as abstractentitiesandidealizations,tothemorerecent,asfictions,surrogates,credi- bleworlds,missingsystems,make-believe,parables,functional,epistemicactions, revealingcapacities. The paper discusses these approachesshowing some of their epistemological inadequacies, also taking advantage of recent results in cognitive science.Themainaimistoreviseandcriticizefictionalism,alsoreframingthere- ceived idea of abstractness and ideality of models with the help of recent results comingfromtheareaofdistributedcognition(commoncoding)andabductivecog- nition (manipulative). The article also illustrates how scientific modeling activity can be better described taking advantage of the concept of “epistemic warfare”, whichseesscientificenterpriseasacomplicatedstruggleforrationalknowledgein whichitiscrucialtodistinguishepistemic(forexamplescientificmodels)fromnon epistemic(forexamplefictions,falsities,propaganda)weapons.FinallyIwillillus- trate thatitis misleadingto analyzemodelsin science byadoptinga confounding LorenzoMagnani DepartmentofArtsandHumanities,PhilosophySectionandComputational PhilosophyLaboratory,UniversityofPavia,Pavia,Italy and DepartmentofPhilosophy,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,P.R.China e-mail:[email protected] L.MagnaniandP.Li(Eds.):PhilosophyandCognitiveScience,SAPERE2,pp.1–38. springerlink.com (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 2 L.Magnani mixtureofstaticanddynamicaspectsofthescientificenterprise.Scientificmodels in a static perspective (for example when inserted in a textbook) certainly appear fictionaltotheepistemologist,buttheirfictionalcharacterdisappearsincaseady- namicperspectiveisadopted.Areferencetotheoriginativeroleofthoughtexper- imentin Galileo’s discoveriesand to usefulnessof Feyerabend’scounterinduction incriticizingtheroleofresemblanceinmodel-basedcognitionisalsoprovided,to furthercorroboratethethesisindicatedbythearticletitle. 1 Introduction Currentepistemologicalanalysisof the role modelsin science is often philosoph- ically unproblematic and misleading. Scientific models are now not only con- sidered as useful ways for explaining facts or discovering new entities, laws, and theories, but are also rubricated under various new labels: from the clas- sical ones, abstract entities [Giere, 1988; Giere, 2009; Giere, 2007] and ide- alizations [Portides, 2007; Weisberg, 2007; Mizrahi, 2011], to the more re- cent, fictions [Fine, 2009; Woods, 2010; Woods and Rosales, 2010b; Con- tessa, 2010; Frigg, 2010a; Frigg, 2010b; Frigg, 2010c; Godfrey-Smith, 2006; Godfrey-Smith, 2009; Woods and Rosales, 2010a; Sua´rez, 2009a; Sua´rez, 2010], surrogates [Contessa, 2007], credible worlds [Sugden, 2000; Sugden, 2009; Kuorikoski and Lehtinen, 2009], missing systems [Ma¨ki, 2009; Thomson-Jones, 2010],asmake-believe[Frigg,2010a;Frigg,2010b;Frigg,2010c;Toon,2010],para- bles [Cartwright, 2009b], as functional [Chakravartty, 2010], as epistemic actions [Magnani,2004a;Magnani,2004b],asrevealingcapacities[Cartwright,2009a].This proliferationofexplanatorymetaphorsisamazing,ifweconsiderthehugequantity ofknowledgeonscientificmodelsthathadalreadybeenproducedbothinepistemol- ogyandincognitivescience.Someoftheauthorsmentionedabovearealsoengaged inacontroversyaboutthelegitimacyespeciallyofspeakingoffictionsinthecaseof scientificmodels. Eveniftheabovestudiesrelatedtofictionalismhaveincreasedknowledgeabout someaspectsoftheroleofmodelsinscience,Iamconvincedthatsometimesthey havealsogeneratedsomephilosophicalconfusionanditseemstomecorrect(fol- lowingthesuggestionembeddedinthetitleofarecentpaper)“tokeepquietonthe ontologyofmodels”[French,2010],andalsotoadoptamoreskepticaltheoretical attitude.Ithinkthat,forexample,modelscanbeconsideredfictionsorsurrogates, butthisjustcoincideswithacommonsenseview,whichappearstobephilosophi- callyemptyor,atleast,delusory.Modelsareusedinavarietyofwaysinscientific practice,theycanalsoworkasmediatorsbetweentheoryandexperiment[Portides, 2007],aspedagogicaldevices,fortestinghypotheses,orforexplanatoryfunctions [Bokulich,2011],buttheselastrolesofmodelsinsciencearerelativelywell-known andweaklydisputedintheepistemologicalliterature.InthispaperIwillconcentrate onscientificmodelsincreativeabductivecognitiveprocesses,whichIstillconsider thecentralproblemofcurrentepistemologicalresearch[Hintikka,1998].
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