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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY David Bergeron Philosophy and Allotment : John Locke’s influence on Henry L. Dawes 123 SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology Series Editors Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Theodore Arabatzis, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Bretislav Friedrich, Fritz Haber Institut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany Ulf Hashagen, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany DieterHoffmann,Max-Planck-InstitutefortheHistoryofScience,Berlin,Germany Simon Mitton, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK David Pantalony, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Matteo Valleriani, Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10085 David Bergeron Philosophy and Allotment : ’ fl John Locke s in uence on Henry L. Dawes 123 DavidBergeron Department ofPhilosophy, Political Philosophy,Political Science, Political andNativeHistory Faculty of Arts andSocial Sciences University of Moncton Moncton, NB,Canada ISSN 2211-4564 ISSN 2211-4572 (electronic) SpringerBriefs inHistory ofScience andTechnology ISBN978-3-030-38173-8 ISBN978-3-030-38174-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38174-5 ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland A fundamental difference between barbarians and a civilized people is the difference between a herd and an individual Edward Parmelee Smith Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1873) To Dr. Andrius Valevicius, for proofreading my manuscript (my thoughts are with you…), To Dr. Jean Manore and Bishop’s University’s History Department, for inviting me as a visiting scholar, To Dr. Marie-Noëlle Ryan and Moncton University’s Philosophy Department, for all the professional opportunities and gastronomical events (now and to come), Finally, to all who understand and cherish the fundamental links between Philosophy and History, Moncton, November 2019 D. B. Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 General Thought and Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 Locke’s Pedagogy and Theory of Property as a Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1 Political Liberalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Nature, Work, Education and Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4 Replacing Henry L. Dawes’ Policies in Their Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ix Chapter 1 Introduction Abstract ThisarticleproposestoreplacethethoughtofamajorAmericanhistorical actorinNativepolicies,HenryLaurensDawes,initsproperconceptualframework. IndividualismandliberalaxiologyareinherenttotheAmericanexperience.Territo- rialexpansionisalsofoundational.ItsjustificationisfoundedingreatpartinJohn Locke’s philosophy. The assimilation of the Native American is central to such a process, since through it is created the possibility of opening the territory to colo- nization. Previous studies have been mostly centered on Dawes’ concrete policies withoutdigginguptheirphilosophicalroots,albeitinaverysuperficialway.Where inLockeantheoryareDawes’ideasonNativeassimilationandallotmentsituated? We think that Dawes’ approach to“civilizing” the Indian isfounded both on John Locke’s theory of property and on his educational philosophy. Scholarship needs such an analysis to truly understand the conceptual roots of his ideas and policies towardsNativeAmericans—tribesandindividuals.WethinkthatforDawes,Locke’s secondofthreeeconomicstages,centeredonbasicsubsistenceagriculture,isanepis- temologicalprocessandapedagogicalregimepermittingtheIndianto“westernize” invaluesandwaysoflife,beingthusabletofullyintegrateAmericansociety. · · · · Keywords HenryL.Dawes JohnLocke NativeAmerican Frontier · · · · · · Expansion Philosophy Individualism Territory Axiology UnitedStates · · Property Work Allotment Latenineteenth-centuryAmericawitnessesthegradualdisappearanceoftheFron- tier.Theneedforlandiseverpressing.PoliticalscientistLouisBalthasarexplainsthe possessiveindividualismatthecenterofthecolonizationprocess,whichbegunwith thefirstsettlersintheseventeenthcentury.HeexplainsthepreponderanceofJohn Locke’sphilosophyforanindividualistprojectfoundedonanaturalrightstheoretical framework.1Cultureandhistoricalrights,inherenttoBritishliberalism,givewaytoa 1LouisBalthasar,“Lesfondementsdelaculturepolitique,”inEdmondOrbanandMichelFortmann (eds.),Lesystèmepolitiqueaméricain(Montréal,LesPressesdel’UniversitédeMontréal,2001), pp.13–16and23. ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1 D.Bergeron,PhilosophyandAllotment:JohnLocke’sinfluenceonHenryL.Dawes, SpringerBriefsinHistoryofScienceandTechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38174-5_1 2 1 Introduction politicalteleologyfoundedonanaturalistandmoralaxiology:thegovernment’srai- sond’êtreistocreateeconomicpossibilitiesforeachcitizen.2Theendisfundamen- tallynegative.AslegalscholarEdwardM.Morgannotes:“accordingtoLocke,state- imposed order provides protection and security, but is only desirable to the extent thatsuchsecurityallowstheindividualtofreelyenjoyhisownrightsandproperty.”3 Historian Joseph S. Lucas notes the foundational importance of the territory. CentraltotheRevolutionisthethemeofcolonization.4Afterthe1840s,theFederal Government’s zeal for territorial expansion increases, supported by the idea of a Manifest Destiny for a white and liberal Anglo-America justified in appropriating territory through its development.5 Anthropologists tend to confirm this view. For Lewis Henry Morgan, the concept of property is inherent to the White’s superior stageofcivilization.6 TheIndianoccupiesthespacesneededforcolonization.Anevermoreaggressive policy of territorialappropriation is supplemented by a desire to settle the Natives onindividual parcels oflandtomakethemsedentary farmers,thusfacilitatingthe acquisitionoftherestoftheterritoryforthesettler.OnthestepsofThomasJefferson affirming that the termination of their history is the better for them,7 many late nineteenth-century politicians and administrators are eager for the abolishment of Nativeculturestomakespaceformodernity.Backedupbyscientificevolutionism, racial theory and natural rights philosophy, the common saying is that one has to kill the Indian to save the man, meaning his inherent “humanity.” This discourse blendstogetherculture,raceandhumannature.OnesuchexampleistheAmerican evolutionistphilosopherandhistorian,JohnFiske.8TheIndian’swayoflifeandthe conceptofpropertyarecentraltojustifyterritorialappropriation,andsoisthetheme ofhiseducationforassimilation. 2SeymourMartinLipset,AmericanExceptionalism.ADouble-EdgedSword(NewYork,W.W.Nor- ton&Company,1996),pp.19–64;KatherineFierlbeck,PoliticalThoughtinCanada:anintellectual history(Peterborough,BroadviewPress,2006),pp.57–58. 3Edward M. Morgan, “Self-Government and the Constitution: a Comparative Look at Native CanadiansandAmericanIndians,”AmericanIndianLawReview,vol.12(1984),p.41,note11. 4JosephS.Lucas,“CivilizationorExtinction:CitizensandIndiansintheEarlyUnitedStates,”The JournaloftheHistoricalSociety,vol.6,no.2(June2006),p.235. 5Sam W. Haynes, “Breaking the “Iron Hoop”: U.S. Fears of British Encirclement and the War againstMexico,”inPierreLagayette(ed.),La«DestinéeManifeste»desÉtats-UnisauXIXesiècle. Aspects politiques et idéologiques (Paris, Ellipses, 1999), p. 20; Annick Foucrier, “Le contexte politiqueetidéologiquedel’annexionduTexasetdelaCalifornie,”inibid.,pp.37–46. 6Philippe Jacquin, “La conceptualisation de l’Indien, les origines scientifiques et culturelles de l’idéologieexpansionnisteauXIXesiècle,”inibid.,pp.124–125.ScottRichardLyons,“TheScience of the Indian”, in Greil Marcus and Werner Sollors (eds.), A New Literary History of America (Cambridge,TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversityPress,2009),pp.317–321. 7ThomasJefferson,TheWritingsofThomasJefferson(AlbertE.Bergh(ed.),Washington,Thomas JeffersonMemorialAssociation,1907),vol.10,pp.362–364. 8Jacquin, “La conceptualisation de l’Indien,” pp. 126–128; Salwa Nacouzi, “La «destinée manifeste»chezJohnFiske,”inLagayette(ed.),La«DestinéeManifeste»,pp.183–189.