Philosophy

221 Pages·1971·14.18 MB·English

by  Karl Jaspers

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Translated by E. B. Ashton
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Karl
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Philosophy
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VOLUME
Translated by E. B. Ashton
The University of Chicago Press
Chicago and London
Philosophy
VOLUME 3
Originally published in 1932 as Philosophie
© 1932,1948, 1956 by Springer-Verlag, Bel'lin-GOttingen-Heidelberg
UNIVERZJTA PARDUBICE
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International Standard Book Number: 0-226-39494-8
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 69-19922
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 60637
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, LTD., LONDON
© 1971 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 1971
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
VOLUME 3
Book Three: Metaphysics
1. TRANSCENDENCE 3
Discontent with All Being that Is Not Transcendence 5
Reality of Metaphysical Thinking and Reality of
Transcendence 7
1. Ob;ectification of Transcendence 7
2. Stages of Reality at Large 8
3. Metaphysics between a Knowledge of Tradition and the
Existential Presence of Transcendence 10
4. Materialization and Denial of Transcetulence 12
5. The Question of Illusion or Reality 13
Impermanence of Metaphysical Objectivity 14
1. Symbolic Thinking 15
2. Logical Collapse 16
3. Alternation of Being and Nonbeing 17
Historicity of Metaphysics 18
1. Disappearance as the Essence of Historicity 18
2. The Unvanished Substance 19
3. The Three Meanings of Generality in Metaphysical
Thinking 20
Existence as the Form of the Historic Appearance of
Transcendence 22
1. Community and Struggle in the Transcendent
Relation 22
2. The Three Spheres of Shaping Metaphysical
Ob;ectivify 24
vi Contents
3. The Tramcendent Language in the Stages of
Metaphysical Consciousness 26
Metaphysical Methods 28
1. Reiected Methods 28
2. Present Adoption 30
3. Present Methods 30
2. FORMAL TRANSCENDING 33
Principles of Formal Transcending 34
1. From the Thinkable to the Unthinkable 34
2. Dialectics of Tramcending in Thought 36
3. Transcending beyond Subiect and Obiect 37
4. Three Spheres of Transcending along Categorial
Lines 38
Transcending in Categories of Objectivity at Large 39
1. Being and Nothingness 39
2. Unity and Duality 41
3. Form and Material 44
4. Possibility, Reality, Necessity, Chance 45
5. Cause 47
6. Universal and Individual 48
7. Meaning 48
Transcending in Categories of Reality 49
1. Time 50
2. Space 53
3. Substance, Life, Soul 55
Transcending in Categories of Freedom 57
The Deity as Formal Transcendence 59
3. EXISTENTIAL RELATIONS TO TRANSCENDENCE 61
Defiance and Surrender 63
1. Revolt 64
2. The Decision Suspended in the Will to Know 64
3. Defiance in Our Human Will to Know 64
4. The Defiant Will to Truth as an Appeal to the Deity 66
5. The Rift in Volition 66
6. Surrender 67
7. Theodicy 67
8. The Hidden Deity a Cause of Tension in Temporal
Existence 70
9. Fatal Enhancement in Isolating the Poles 71
10. Vacuous Decline in Isolating the Poles 71
11. Surrender without T1'U8t; Godforsakenness;
Godlessness 72
12. The Ultimate Question 72
Contents vii
Rise and Fall 74
1. I Myself in Rise and Fall 74
2. I Become the Way I Judge 75
3. Self-becoming in Dependence 77
4. Transcendent Basis and Uncertain Direction 78
5. I Myself as Process and as Entirety 79
6. Genius and Daemon 80
7. Immortality 81
8. I Myself and the World Entirety 83
9. The World Process 84
10. Rise and Fall in History 86
11. Rise and Fall Comp7eted in the Wh07e 89
Diurnal Law and Nocturnal Passion 90
1. The Antinomy of Day and Night 90
2. Attempts at a More Concrete Description 92
3. Confusions 94
4. The Doubtful Basic Premises of the Day 96
5. The Possible Guilt 97
6. Genius and Daemon Fighting for Existenz 98
7. The Question of a SyntheSis of Both Worlds 99
8. Mythical Elucidation 101
The Wealth of Diversity and the One 102
1. The Existential Origin of the One 102
2. Unity in the World 104
3. Unity in Logic 105
4. Transcending to the One 106
5. Polytheism and the One God 109
6. Transcendence of the One Deity 110
4. THE READING OF CIPHERS 113
PART ONE
The Nature of Ciphers 113
The Three Languages 1l.3
1. The First Language: The Direct Language of
Transcendence 114
2. The Second Language: Generalization in
Communication 115
3. The Third Language: Speculative Language 117
4. Immanence and Transcendence 119
5. Reality in the Ciphers 122
Ambiguity of Ciphers 123
1. Expression of Being and Communicative
Expression 124
2. The Random Interpretability of Symbols 126
viii Contents
3. Symbolism and Cognition 127
4. Interpretable and Viewable Symbols 128
5. Exegesis in Circles 129
6. Random Ambiguity and Ambiguity of Ciphers 130
Existenz as the Place of Reading Ciphers 131
1. Reading Ciphers by Self-being 131
2. Existential Contemplation 133
3. Faith in Ciphers 136
Cipher Script and Ontology 137
1. Ontology in the Great Philosophies 137
2. Ontology Impossible for Us 140
3. Reading Ciphers as Distinct from Ontology 142
False Proximity to Transcendence 144
PART Two
The World of Ciphers 147
Survey 147
1. Universality of Ciphers 147
2. Arrangement of the Cipher World 148
Nature 152
1. Nature as Otherness, as My World, and as Myself 152
2. Nature as a Cipher 153
3. Reading Ciphers by Means of a Philosophy of
Nature 154
4. Scant and Deceptive General Formulas for Ciphers of
Nature 156
5. Existential Relevance of the Ciphe·rs of Nature 158
History 159
Consciousness at Large 161
Man 163
1. The Cipher of Man's Unity with his Nature 164
2. The Cipher of Man's Unity with His World 166
3. The Cipher of Freedom 166
Art as a Language Born of Reading Ciphers 168·
1. Art as an Intermediate Realm 168
2. Metaphysics and Art 170
3. Imitation; Idea; Genius 170
4. Transcendent Vision and Immanent Transcendence 171
5. Diversity of the Arts 172
PART THREE
The Speculative Reading of Ciphers 175
The Being of Transcendence: Arguments
for the Existence of God 175
Contents ix
The Being of a Cipher: Speculation
on Becoming 179
Present Reading of Ciphers: Speculative
Remembrance and Foresight 181
1. Remembrance 182
2. Foresight 184
3. Contrariety and Unity of Remembrance and
Foresight 185
4. Speculation in the Philosophy of Hi-story 186
The Cipher of Existence as a Whole:
Speculation on Being 188
1. Positivism 189
2. Idealism 189
3. Cipher Reading in Existential Philosophy 191
PART FOUR
Vanishing of Existence and Existenz
as the Decisive Cipher of Transcendence:
Being in Foundering 192
The Many Meanings of Factual Foundering 192
Foundering and Eternalization 195
To Realize and Not to Realize 197
Interpreting the Necessity of Foundering 199
1. Freedom a Bar to Firm Validity and Permanence 199
2. The Antinomy of Freedom 200
3. A Finite Vessel of Intrinsic Being Must Fall Short 201
4. A Speculative Reading of Ciphers 202
5. What Defies Interpretation 202
The Cipher of Being in Foundering 204
1. The Uninterpretahle Cipher 205
2. The La~t Cipher as a Sounding Board for All
Ciphers 205
3. Peace in Reality 206
Index of Persons 209
General Contents
Volume 1
INTRODUCTION TO PmLOSOPHY
BOOK ONE: PHILOSOPHICAL \VORLD ORIENTATION
1. The World
2. Limits of World Orientation
3. Systematics of the Sciences
4. Conclusive World Orientation: Positivism and Idealism
5. The Origin of Philosophy
6. Philosophy's Form of Existence
7. Philosophy Differentiated
Volume 2
BOOK Two: EXISTENTIAL ELUCIDATION
1. Existenz
Part I. I Myself in Communication and Historicity
2. I Myself
3. Communication
4. Historicity
Part II. Self-being as Freedom
5. Will
6. Freedom
Part III. Existenz as Unconditionality in Situation, Conscious
ness, and Action
7. Boundary Situations