Phillips' Science of Dental Materials

457 Pages·2021·71.803 MB·English

by  Chiayi Shen (editor), H. Ralph Rawls (editor), Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw (editor)

Phillips’ Science of
Dental Materials

13
th
EDITION
Phillips’
SCIENCE
of
DENTAL MATERIALS
Chiayi Shen, PhD
Courtesy Associate Professor
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences
College of Dentistry
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
H. Ralph Rawls, PhD
Professor of Biomaterials
Research Division
Department of Comprehensive Dentistry
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw, DMD, MS, MS-CI, FACD
Professor
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences
College of Dentistry
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, THIRTEENTH EDITION 978-0-323-69755-2
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Printed in India
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dr. Eugene W. Skinner Dr. Ralph W. Phillips Dr. Kenneth J. Anusavice
We would like to dedicate this edition to the first three editors of this book.
Dr. Eugene W. Skinner (I–VI), Dr. Ralph W. Phillips (V–IX), Dr. Kenneth J. Anusavice (X–XII)
Dr. Eugene Skinner, a professor of physics at Northwestern University School of Dentistry in Chicago, published the first edition
of The Science of Dental Materials in 1936. Dr. Skinner introduced Ralph Phillips as a coauthor of the 5th edition of the book
in 1960. Dr. Skinner died during the proof-page-reviewing stage of the 6th edition in 1966. He is honored with the “Eugene
W. Skinner Memorial Lecture” at Northwestern University. The lecture series was renamed “Eugene W. Skinner and Eugene P.
Lautenschlager Memorial Lecture” in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University.
Dr. Phillips renamed the book Skinner’s Science of Dental Materials in the 7th through 9th editions. After the death of
Dr. Phillips in 1991, the book has been subsequently renamed as Phillips’ Science of Dental Materials since the 10th edition.
Throughout an eminent career that spanned five decades, Dr. Ralph Phillips was recognized as one of the world’s foremost
leaders in the field of dental materials science. He was one of the first dental scientists to investigate the relationship between
laboratory tests and clinical performance. He initiated clinical investigations designed to analyze the effect of the oral
environment on restorative materials and to determine the biocompatibility of restorative materials and the efficacy of newer
material formulations and techniques of use. Over his many years of service, he remained firmly committed to his original focus
on the clinical relevance of laboratory findings, an approach that dominated both his style of teaching and his research activities.
Among his main contributions to dentistry, Dr. Phillips pioneered studies of fluoride’s influence on the solubility and hardness
of tooth enamel and its anticariogenic potential when included in restorative materials. In the 1960s, he coordinated the first
workshop on adhesive dental materials, which brought together research experts in the fields of adhesion, polymer science,
and tooth structure. During his career, he published more than 300 scientific papers and books and organized more than 40
symposia and conferences related to biomaterials and dental research.
Dr. Kenneth Anusavice is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida and is one of the leading dental
materials scientists in the field. Among his many awards, the Wilmer Souder Award for Research in Dental Materials, awarded
by the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) in 1996, was one that he was most proud of. Dr. Anusavice
served as the chairman of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Technical Committee (TC) 106/SC 2:
Prosthodontic Materials from 1999–2014 and was elected chairman of ISO/TC 106—Dentistry in 2014 until his retirement
in 2016. Dr. Anusavice fostered many collaborations with different dental scientists worldwide. He was on the editorial board
of numerous journals, most notably Dental Materials and Journal of Dentistry. He edited several books, contributed numerous
book chapters, and published over 180 peer-reviewed manuscripts and is recognized as the foremost authority in dental materials
and ceramic science. Perhaps his most significant contribution to dental materials science is his mentorship of countless students
and graduate students who are now respected leaders in the research field. He received the Irwin D. Mandel Distinguished
Mentoring Award, awarded by the American Association for Dental Research (AADR) in 2016, which is a true testament to his
dedication to fostering the career development of students and junior faculty in the area of research in dental materials.
vii
Front Cover
The cover image is a computer-generated fractal. Fractals are of chemistry, physics, engineering, computer science and materials
never-ending complex patterns that are self-similar along different science.
scales, meaning that each portion can be considered a reduced- One noted example of using fractal analysis in dental materials
scale image of the whole. In other words, one part of the object, science is the analysis of fracture surfaces of restorations. When a
when magnified, will basically look like a fixed part of the whole material fractures in a brittle manner, the fracture surface records
object. This fractal phenomenon is apparent in the appearance of the event in such a way that many important features associated
objects such as snowflakes and tree barks, which exist in nature. with the stresses which caused the fracture are made clear. Rather
In theory, every spatial pattern that exists in this world is a frac- than stating that a surface is either rough or smooth, the fractal
tal. See the animation of the Mandelbrot fractal1 for self-similar dimension of the surface provides the means to assign a numerical
characteristics. “grade” to the tortuosity. Experimental observations3 demonstrate
Fractal geometry is non-Euclidean with a dimension generally that the fracture toughness of ceramic materials is proportional to
expressed by a non-integer, that means with fractions instead of a the square root of their fractal dimension increment (D*). D* is
whole number for Euclidean geometry: such as, 1 for line, 2 for equal to the non-integer portion of the fractal dimension and lies
surface and 3 for solid. For example, the fractal dimension of the somewhere between 0 and 1.
west coast of Great Britain2 is determined to be 1.25. The lower Fractal analysis can be a powerful forensic tool for clinical evalu-
the dimension, the straighter and smoother the coastline is. The ation of ceramic restorations4. In many cases for which the fail-
higher the dimension, the more tortuous and wigglier the coast- ure site has been retrieved, the researcher can distinguish between
line is. The ability of fractal geometry to describe simply otherwise failures caused by overload and processing errors as each mode of
complex lines and surfaces has led to its application in many fields failure should have distinct fractal dimensions of the materials used.
3Griggs JA: Using fractal geometry to examine failed implants and prostheses.
Dent Mater 34:1748-1755, 2018.
1Mandelbrot fractal set: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set. 4Mecholsky JJ, Hsu SM, Jadaan O, Griggs J, et al: Forensic and Reliability
2Mandelbrot BB: How long is the coast of Britain? - Statistical self-similarity Analyses of Fixed Dental Prostheses. J Biomed Mat Res 01 Feb 2021, https://
and fractional dimension. Science 156:636-638, 1967. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbm.b.34796.
viii
Preface
The dentist and the engineer have much in common. Dentists tal ceramics, denture base resins, and dental implants. The major
design restorations and prostheses that must endure in the oral change is merging dental casting alloy, metal joining, and wrought
cavity. In the process, dentists make informed decisions from per- metals into one chapter. Part IV, Fabrication of Prostheses, cov-
sonal experience and existing clinical evidence to conceptualize ers the materials needed and the technology of making metallic
the optimal design of the prosthetic structure and final restoration. prostheses from basic ingredients. Chapters on impression materi-
Like engineers, dentists must be aware of the design principles als, gypsum products, and dental waxes are merged as Chapter 13,
and possess sufficient knowledge of the physical properties of the Auxiliary Materials. A new chapter entitled Digital Technology in
various types of materials they use. The goal is to exercise the best Dentistry (Chapter 15) was added. Part V, Assessing Dental Resto-
evidence-based judgment possible in their selection of design and rations, is a new section comprising two existing chapters (Chap-
materials. For example, dental professionals must know whether ters 17 and 20) and two new chapters (Chapters 18 and 19). The
the clinical situation, such as a large restoration, requires the use rationale of this section and the chapters included are discussed in
of an amalgam, a resin-based composite, a cement, a casting alloy, the “Organization of the Book” section of Chapter 1.
a ceramic, or a metal-ceramic. In addition to the mechanical Several of the chapters represent significant changes in
requirements of the materials that are within the training experi- approaches to the specific subject. Chapter 1, Overview of Den-
ence of an engineer, the esthetic and physiological requirements tal Materials, has been revised to include a brief description of
are essential for the dentist. tooth structure and the potential issues occurring that require
The aims of this textbook are to (1) introduce the basic materi- intervention. Examples of issues and recognized treatments are
als science relevant to dental applications to readers with little or discussed. The topics of the evolution of biomaterials and the
no prior engineering background, (2) describe the basic proper- standards for safety and quality assurance are distributed among
ties of dental materials that are related to clinical manipulation by Chapters 17, 18, and 20. After merging with the materials on
either dentists and/or dental laboratory technicians, (3) character- metals and polymers, Chapter 2, Structure of Matter, General
ize the durability and esthetics of dental restorations and prostheses Classes of Materials, and Principles of Adhesion, is organized
made from biomedical materials, and (4) identify characteristics in the following sequence: structure of atoms and molecules,
of materials that affect tissue compatibility and general biological bonds between atoms and between molecules, crystalline versus
safety. The technology and information provided are intended to amorphous structure, the resultant classes of materials (metals,
bridge the gap between the knowledge of biomaterials obtained in ceramics, and polymers) from bonding, general properties of
basic courses in materials engineering, chemistry, and physics and each class of material, the key components of the fourth class of
the use of the materials in the dental lab and dental clinic. The material, composites, and principles of adhesion. Keep in mind
emphasis of the book remains on the why rather than the how in that the composites discussed here are not limited to those used
the selection and use of dental materials and how the oral environ- in dentistry. The chapter delineates the role of adhesion (bond-
ment affects materials. The manipulation parameters required for ing) in the formation of materials. The significance of bonding is
maximum performance are stressed throughout. Nonetheless, the reinforced in Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Finally, Chapter 20,
reader is encouraged to understand the rationale for the selection Emerging Technologies, describes recently emerged technologies
of a particular material or technical procedure. with the potential for dental applications and projects potential
The chronology of the presentation of the subjects in this edi- future technologies in dentistry.
tion follows the format of the 12th edition, with some modifica- Three new chapters are added in this edition. Over the last two
tions. For the 13th edition, one new section and three new chapters decades, new digital technologies and digital equipment have been
are added, together with the merging of some chapters into one. introduced to the dental community and matured. Chapter 15,
This edition has 20 chapters divided into five four-chapter sections Digital Technology in Dentistry, presents an overview of dental
to reflect the focus of the chapters in each section. Part I, General imaging and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufac-
Classes and Properties of Dental Materials, covers the fundamental turing (CAD-CAM) technologies, such as digital impressions,
information for the scope of dental materials and their physical/ milling, and three-dimensional (3-D) printing, and the materials
mechanical properties relevant to the selection of materials for den- currently used for each process. The use of digital technology for
tal applications. Chapter 1 was revised to focus on the role of mate- making prostheses, CAD-CAM, is also addressed in Chapters 9
rials in clinical dentistry. The topics of metals and polymers are (Metals), 10 (Ceramic-Based Materials) and 11 (Prosthetic Poly-
merged with Chapter 2, along with a brief introduction to ceramics mers and Resins).
and composites. Part II, Direct Restorative Materials, is focused Dental materials research has become specialized in techniques
on four groups of materials: resin-based composites, bonding and and data analyses, and the clinical relevance of in vitro research is
bonding agents, dental cements, and dental amalgams. Part III, often questioned. Chapter 18, In Vitro Research on Dental Mate-
Indirect Restorative Materials, is focused on the use of metals, den- rials, discusses the importance of in vitro research in developing
ix
x Preface
improved preventative, restorative, and auxiliary materials and the As with the last two editions, each chapter contains a section
limitations of in vitro research when making clinical decisions. of key terms with definitions that are designed to familiarize the
Computer modeling methods and statistical methods for forecast- reader with the content of the chapter and a number of critical
ing clinical performance based on data gathered in vitro are also thinking questions that are intended to stimulate thinking and
discussed. emphasize important concepts. The answers to these questions are
The ultimate test for a restorative material is clinical perfor- generally found in the section or sections immediately following
mance as a restoration, including longevity and predictability each question. The selected key terms listed are associated with the
of use. Chapter 19, Clinical Research on Restorations, discusses content of the chapter, but the list is not intended to be a glossary
clinical performance testing of dental biomaterials, which is con- of the chapter. In this edition, the 10 most relevant references are
sidered the most valid test of a material's behavior in the oral cited in the book, and the remaining references are stored online.
environment. The various types of clinical studies are discussed,
along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Also, this Chiayi Shen
chapter describes existing analytical methods for assessing per- H. Ralph Rawls
formance. Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw
Acknowledgments
In a revision of this magnitude, the editors must draw upon the restorations is a new chapter by Dr. Josephine Esquivel-Upshaw.
expertise of colleagues and friends. Equally important, if not Chapters 18 and 19 discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both
more, is a book with a solid foundation that will facilitate the categories of research and stress the need of keeping a balance.
process. We are blessed that Dr. Eugene W. Skinner, Dr. Ralph Much of the artwork came from the 12th edition and was cre-
W. Phillips, and Dr. Kenneth J. Anusavice built the foundation ated by Jeannie Robertson. Other artwork that was reprinted from
of the book over three-quarters of a century. Many individuals the 11th edition was created by Dr. José dos Santos, Jr.
should be recognized both for their contributions to the field of We express our appreciation to those who contributed to
dental materials science, to earlier editions, and to the revision of the 12th and earlier editions of this textbook but who were not
this textbook. contributors to the 13th edition. Several of the revised chapters
Novel suggestions were made on the reorganization and the contain portions of sections from contributors to previous edi-
content of the 13th edition to adapt to the ever-changing needs tions. These contributors include Drs. Grayson Marshall Jr., Sally
of the dental community. Dr. Saulo Geraldeli made significant Marshall, Barry Norling, Sibel Antonson, Erica Texeira, Qian
contributions to Chapter 1 to provide an overview of preventive Wang, John Wataha, Jack Ferracane, Rodway Mackert Jr., Karl-
and restorative materials. Dr. William Brantley made significant Johan Söderholm, Harold Stanley, and Mr. Paul Cascone. These
contributions to Chapter 2 on classes of materials and adhesion, individuals provided significant input to the 12th and/or earlier
and merged all metal subjects, except amalgam, in Chapter 9. Dr. editions, in which several significant changes had been introduced
Kyumin Whang wrote Chapter 5 and contributed to revision of to enhance readability and the clinical perspectives on dental bio-
Chapter 6 on bonding agents and Chapter 20 on emerging tech- materials. In their quest to promote evidence-based dentistry, they
nologies. Dr. Carolyn Primus revised Chapter 7 on cements and blended basic science, clinical science, and applied or translational
made major contributions to the revision of Chapter 20. Drs. Rod- research findings with processing and manipulation variables to
ney Phoenix and Larry Gettleman, both renowned prosthodon- optimize production and clinical outcomes.
tists, coauthored Chapter 11 on prosthetic polymers and resins. We would also like to acknowledge the immense contribution
Dr. Gettleman also assisted in Chapters 14 and 20. The revision of Dr. Kenneth Anusavice to the 10th through 12th editions of
of Chapter 12 on dental implants was coauthored by Dr. Jack this book. He is a true inspiration for all dental materials scientists
Lemons, an internationally recognized expert on implant materi- because he bridged the gap between laboratory and clinical appli-
als and designs. Chapter 15 is a new chapter on digital technology cations. We also thank his wife, Dr. Sandi Anusavice, for assisting
by Dr. Ralph Rawls and Dr. Jacob Park. Dr. Charles DeFreest with grammatical edits for this edition.
made significant contributions to the revision of Chapter 16 on Finally, we would like to thank the staff at Elsevier Inc. for
finishing and polishing. Dr. Gottfried Schmalz revised Chapter 17 their assistance in organizing and expediting the activities related
on biocompatibility. Dr. Jason Griggs contributed to Chapter 18 to publishing the 13th edition. These individuals include Alex-
on in vitro testing on dental materials; this is new to the 13th edi- andra Mortimer, Joslyn Dumas, and Kathleen Nahm during the
tion and should prove valuable in elucidating laboratory tests for planning and writing phase, and Umarani Natarajan and Radhika
materials prior to marketing. Chapter 19 on clinical research on Sivalingam in the editing and production phase.
xi