Phenomenological Creep Models of Composites and Nanomaterials : Deterministic and Probabilistic Approach

415 Pages·2019·4.409 MB·English

by  Razdolsky, Leo

Phenomenological Creep Models of
Composites and Nanomaterials
Deterministic and Probabilistic Approach
Leo Razdolsky
L.R. Structural Engineering Inc.
Lincolnshire, Illinois, USA
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
CRC Press
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Preface
The mechanics of composites as an independent branch of the mechanics of
deformable media is at the early stage of growth, development and formation.
Its science and technology is a broad and interdisciplinary area of research and
developmental activity that has been growing very fast worldwide in the past few
years. Composites have emerged as a natural response to the needs of modern
technology. They are based on the unique idea of s implicity of reinforcement,
when they combine “polar” properties of materials—a compliant matrix and
a rigid and strong reinforcement. It is important to emphasize that the idea
of reinforcement is deeper than just strength and manufacturability. It also
increases the reliability of the material. Apparently, composites are the only
materials in which the increase in strength is accompanied by an increase in
the fracture toughness. Composites, strictly speaking, are not materials in the
classical sense; final product, for example, metallurgy, with given properties
and practically unchanged during processing. They constitute a vast family of
materials created from semi-finished products together with the construction.
It is the mechanics of composites that is the scientific basis for understanding,
describing, predicting and controlling the structural properties of the entire
variety of materials and the technology. When creating structural analyses and
designs from composites, design issues (understood in the traditional sense),
optimal reinforcement and the development of the technological process
are three sides of a single problem and cannot be considered in isolation.
It is this approach to the construction of the phenomenological models of
creep of composites and nanocomposites that is proposed in this book and
as a consequence, the classical Volterra integral equation of the second kind,
describing the creep process of a material under a uniaxial stressed state,
undergoes appropriate changes and additions.
The book contains a large amount of original research material (as well
as substantially modified and increased) from previously published articles by
the author. At the same time the book contains many other results obtained by
other researches, primarily reflecting the most important data in the area of
statistical structural analysis of engineering creep.
iv Phenomenological Creep Models of Composites and Nanomaterials
The majority of the book is devoted to the deterministic and applied
probabilistic methods and simplifications that are specifically tailored to the
creep deformation of composites and the problems related to nanocomposites.
The text is divided into seven chapters; each of which begins with a short
theoretical introduction, followed by relevant formulas and examples. The
authors have paid particular attention to the fact that the statistical data bases are
presented in dimensionless form (the original deterministic creep constitutive
integral equations as well as equations of energy and mass conservation
are dimensionless!), therefore the applied probability based results (such
as, for instance, mean and standard deviation values and other numerical
characteristics of stochastic stress-strain creep deformation process) that
makes it possible to solve a number of problems with exceptional simplicity.
This book is intended for graduate students, professors, scientists, and
engineers. Thus, the book should be considered not only as a graduate textbook,
but also as a reference handbook to those working or interested in areas of
Deterministic and Applied Probability Methods in Creep Mechanics, Stress
Analysis, and Mechanical Properties of Composites and Nanocomposites.
The scope of the work is broad enough to be useful to practicing and research
engineers as well as serve as a teaching tool in colleges and universities. In
addition, the book provides extensive coverage of a great many practical
problems and numerous references to the literature.
Contents
Preface iii
Notations xi
1. Introduction and Overview 1
1.1 Definition of structured composites and nanomaterials 1
1.1.1 The use of nanocomposites in space technology 1
1.1.2 Classification of polymers 3
1.2 What is the main difference between the composites and 4
ordinary solid bodies?
1.3 Composite structural systems 5
1.3.1 Classification according to a structured feature 10
1.3.2 Reinforced media theory 12
1.4 Model of elastic deformation of a unidirectional 13
multilayered composite material
1.4.1 Elastic deformation model of cross-reinforced 16
composite material
1.5 Optimization of multi-layered composite structure parameters 20
1.5.1 Influence of fiber length 22
1.5.2 Elastic behavior—longitudinal loading 22
1.6 Molecular mechanisms of chemical reactions 22
1.6.1 Chemical reaction kinetics 22
1.6.2 Methods for determining the order of reactions 24
1.6.3 Ostwald’s “isolation method” 24
1.6.4 Graphic method 25
1.6.5 The differential method of Van’t Hoff 25
1.6.6 Dependence of the reaction rate on temperature 25
References 26
2. Creep Laws for Composite Materials 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Phenomenological creep model: single integral type 29
constitutive equation (CE)
vi Phenomenological Creep Models of Composites and Nanomaterials
2.2.1 Temperature and kinetic energy 29
2.2.2 Use of classical relations of composite elastic modulus 35
2.2.3 Instantaneous creep modulus 35
2.2.4 Effects of θ on modulus of elasticity 37
g
2.3 Engineering creep of composites 40
2.4 Maxwell model 41
2.5 Standard linear model 42
2.6 Effect of variable dimensionless parameters on STS diagram 45
(Standard Linear model)
2.6.1 Allowable creep stresses vs. parameter β 49
2.6.2 Allowable creep stresses vs. parameter β and n 58
References 66
3. Creep Models of Fibrous and Dispersed Composites: 69
Deterministic Approach
3.1 Micromechanics and macromechanics 69
3.2 Brief classification of non-newtonian fluids 71
3.3 Composite design process 73
3.3.1 Artificial composite materials 73
3.4 Mechanical testing of composites 74
3.5 Resilient properties of composites 75
3.6 The phenomenological approach in mechanics of 76
heterogeneous media
3.6.1 Structured—phenomenological approach to the 78
solution of boundary value mechanics of composites
3.6.2 Equilibrium equations of multilayered composites 80
3.6.3 Hooke’s law for each layer 84
3.6.4 Elastic deformation model of cross-reinforced 86
composite material
3.7 Phenomenological creep models of composite structures 98
3.8 Temperature-time dependent structured heterogeneous 101
composites
3.9 General form of Equation (3.37) 124
3.10 Phenomenological creep models of composites with 132
dispersed filler
References 139
4. Creep Models of Nanocomposites: Deterministic Approach 141
4.1 Introduction 141
4.1.1 Small scaled materials 145
4.1.2 Approaches to larger surface area 146
4.1.3 Size effect and the nanomaterials properties 147
Contents vii
4.2 Physical aspects of nanocomposite structures 147
4.3 Chemical aspects of nanocomposite structures and reaction 150
kinetics
4.3.1 Rate of reaction 151
4.3.2 Integrated rate laws 151
4.3.3 Dependence of the conversion of metal ions on time 153
4.3.4 Physicochemical aspects of formation of 154
structured nanocomposites
4.4 Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline metals and alloys 157
4.4.1 Yield strength 157
4.5 Creep of small coarse grained and nanocrystalline materials 158
4.5.1 Creep mechanisms in small coarse grained materials 158
4.5.2 Phenomenological creep models of nanocrystalline 159
materials
4.5.3 Nucleation and growth process of nanoparticles 160
4.5.4 Modeling of nucleation and growth process of 161
nanoparticles
4.6 Basic creep equations and nanomaterials parameters relations 164
4.6.1 Effect of function f3 (nucleation and growth 165
process of nanoparticles) type on creep process
4.6.2 Effect of E /E ratio on creep process 209
0 2
4.6.3 Effect of volumetric fillers ratio on creep process 212
f
References 228
𝜑
5. Physical Chemistry of Nanoparticles 230
5.1 Introduction 230
5.2 Disperse systems 232
5.2.1 Classification by degree of dispersion 232
5.2.2 Classification of disperse systems 232
5.2.3 Sensitivity of tension stresses to concentration 235
surfactants
5.3 The rate of chemical reaction 236
5.4 Temperature effect on chemical reaction rate 237
5.5 Phenomenological kinetics 240
5.5.1 Basic definitions and postulates 240
5.6 Kinetics of simple irreversible reactions 243
5.6.1 First-order chemical reactions 244
5.6.2 Second-order reactions 246
5.6.3 Third-order reaction 247
5.6.4 Zero-order reactions 248
5.7 Determination of the chemical reactions order 248
5.7.1 Method for determining the order of chemical reaction 249
viii Phenomenological Creep Models of Composites and Nanomaterials
5.8 Activation energy 250
5.8.1 Kinetics of complex reactions 251
5.8.2 The principle of independence 252
5.8.3 The concept of a rate determining stage 253
5.8.4 Reversible reactions of the first order 253
5.8.5 Reversible second-order reactions 254
5.8.6 Kinetics of parallel reaction with reversibility in 255
one stage
5.9 Autocatalytic chemical reactions 270
References 278
6. Phenomenological Creep Models of Fibrous Composites 280
(Probabilistic Approach)
6.1 Introduction 280
6.1.1 Basic concepts and definitions of applied 280
probability theory
6.1.2 The distribution function and the distribution 281
density of a random variable
6.1.3 The Poisson probability distribution 282
6.1.4 Correlation and dependence 282
6.2 Continuous probability distributions 284
6.2.1 Normal probability distributions 284
6.2.2 Weibull distribution 287
6.2.3 Rayleigh distribution 288
6.2.4 Chi-squared distribution 289
6.3 Joint probability distribution 291
6.4 Characteristic function 292
6.5 Functions of random variables and their distribution 294
6.5.1 One-to-one functions of an absolutely continuous 296
random variable
6.5.2 Probabilistic transformation (linearization) method 297
6.6 Confidence interval 299
6.6.1 Confidence interval (poisson distribution) 301
6.6.2 Confidence interval (binomial proportion) 302
6.7 Probability distributions and concept of random success 305
(failure)
6.7.1 The binomial probability distribution 306
6.8 Probabilistic creep models of composites 319
6.8.1 Deterministic formulation of stochastic problems: 322
numerical modeling
6.8.2 Statistical data: composites and stress effect 323
6.9 Structural composites failures in time 334
References 340
Contents ix
7. Phenomenological Creep Models of Nanocomposites 342
(Probabilistic Approach)
7.1 Construction of a stochastic creep model of nanocomposites 342
7.1.1 Selection of filler material 343
7.1.2 Remarkable properties of nanomaterials 344
7.1.3 Promising nanomaterials 345
7.1.4 Creation of new construction materials 346
7.2 Creep models of nanocomposites: probabilistic approach 348
7.2.1 General computer code and effect of different types 351
of function f3
7.3 Compilation of statistical data based on creep constitutive 361
equation solutions
7.4 Creep deformation process of nanocomposites as an 375
ergodic random process
7.5 Creep of the nanocomposite in the framework of the 378
correlation theory of probability
7.5.1 Mean value of allowable creep stress and strain 378
7.5.2 Standard deviation and autocorrelation function of 378
allowable creep stress and strain
7.6 The first-occurrence time problem and the probability 380
density P (a, t)
7.7 Allowable creep stress vs. volumetric content of nanoparticles 382
References 396
Index 399