Phased Array Antennas, Second Edition

571 Pages·2009·8.68 MB·English

by  Robert C. Hansen

Phased Array
Antennas

Phased Array
Antennas
Second Edition
R. C. HANSEN
Consulting Engineer R. C. Hansen, Inc.
www.rchansen.com
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Hansen,RobertC.
Phasedarrayantennas/R.C.Hansen.—2nded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-40102-6(cloth)
1. Microwaveantennas. 2. Phasedarrayantennas. I. Title.
TK7871.67.M53H36 2009
621.38204—dc22
2009033994
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ThisbookisdedicatedtothosewhomadeMicrowaveScanning
Antennaspossible:
NicolasA.Begovich
RobertW.Bickmore
JesseL.Butler
LorneK.DeSize
RobertS.Elliott
RichardC.Johnson
H.C.Ko
WolfgangH.Kummer
RobertG.Malech
DonaldL.Margerum
ArthurA.Oliner
JackF.Ramsay
JosephA.Vitale

Contents
Preface to the First Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ArrayBackground 1
1.2 SystemsFactors 2
1.3 AnnotatedReferenceSources 3
1.3.1 AdaptiveAntennaReferenceBooks 5
References 5
2 Basic Array Characteristics 7
2.1 UniformlyExcitedLinearArrays 7
2.1.1 Patterns 7
2.1.2 Beamwidth 9
2.1.3 Sidelobes 11
2.1.4 GratingLobes 11
2.1.5 Bandwidth 15
2.2 PlanarArrays 17
2.2.1 ArrayCoordinates 17
2.2.2 Beamwidth 18
2.2.3 GratingLobes:RectangularLattice 21
2.2.4 GratingLobes:HexagonalLattice 23
2.3 BeamSteeringandQuantizationLobes 25
2.3.1 SteeringIncrement 25
2.3.2 SteeringBandwidth 26
2.3.3 TimeDelayDeployment 27
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.3.4 PhaserQuantizationLobes 28
2.3.5 Sub-arrayQuantizationLobes 32
2.3.6 QLDecollimation:OverlappedSub-arrays 35
2.4 Directivity 36
2.4.1 LinearArrayDirectivity 36
2.4.2 DirectivityofArraysofShortDipoles 39
2.4.3 DirectivityofArraysofResonantElements 40
2.4.4 PlanarArrayDirectivity 42
References 46
3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.1.1 PatternFormulations 49
3.1.2 PhysicsversusMathematics 51
3.1.3 TaylorNarrow-BeamDesignPrinciples 52
3.2 Dolph–ChebyshevArrays 53
3.2.1 Half-WaveSpacing 53
3.2.2 SpacingLessThanHalf-Wave 59
3.3 TaylorOne-ParameterDistribution 60
3.3.1 One-ParameterDesign 60
3.3.2 Bickmore–Spellmire
Two-ParameterDistribution 65
3.4 TaylorN-BarApertureDistribution 66
3.5 Low-SidelobeDistributions 72
3.5.1 ComparisonofDistributions 72
3.5.2 AverageSidelobeLevel 75
3.6 VilleneuveN-BarArrayDistribution 76
3.7 DifferencePatterns 79
3.7.1 CanonicalPatterns 79
3.7.2 BaylissPatterns 81
3.7.3 SumandDifferenceOptimization 85
3.7.4 DiscreteZolotarevDistributions 87
3.8 SidelobeEnvelopeShaping 89
3.9 ShapedBeamSynthesis 92
3.9.1 Woodward–LawsonSynthesis 92
3.9.2 ElliottSynthesis 94
3.10 ThinnedArrays 98
3.10.1 ProbabilisticDesign 98
3.10.2 SpaceTapering 102
3.10.3 MinimumRedundancyArrays 103
Acknowledgment 104
References 104