Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations PDF
Preview Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations
Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations NATO Science Series A Series presenting the resuits of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers III. Computer and Systems Science IOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of mee ting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in afield. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organized and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of earlier sub-series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 40 Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations edited by Hector J. De Vega Universite de Paris VI, LPTHE, Paris, France Isaak M. Khalatnikov Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia and Norma G.Sänchez Observatoire de Paris, Demirm, Paris, France Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations Erice, Sicily, Italy 6-17 December 2000 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-0057-7 ISBN 978-94-010-0997-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0997-3 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ©2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OFCONTENTS PREFACE IX DEDICATIONOFTHE8THCOURSETOAndrei D.SAKHAROV Xl I. THEEARLYUNIVERSE Phase Transitions in the Early and thePresent Universe: from the Big Bang to Heavy Ion Collisions 3 D.BOYANOVSKY Tsunami Inflation: Selfconsistent Quantum Dynamics 45 H.J. DE VEGA String Driven Cosmology and its Predictions 81 N.SANCHEZ Quark-GIuon Plasma in the Early Universe 103 J.I. KAPUSTA Finite Temperature and Non-EquilibriumPhase Transitions in the Early Universe M.SHAPOSHNIKOV 123 Phase Transitions During Inflation and ChemicallyInhomogeneous Universe 145 A.D.DOLGOV Chaos in Cosmology 161 I. M. KHALATNIKOV, A.Yu KAMENSHCHIK vi II.COSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATION The Physics ofCMB Anisotropies 183 W.HU The CosmicMicrowaveBackground after Maximaand Boomerang 207 P.L. RICHARDS III.LARGESCALESTRUCTURE,DARKMATTER Large-scale Structure,Theory and Statistics 217 P. COLES Measuring Global Curvature and CosmicAcceleration with Supernovae 249 B. P.SCHMIDT RecentDevelopments in the Search for BaryonicDark Matter 267 B.J. CARR IV.FRACTALS ANDSCALINGLAWS INASTROPHYSICS ANDCOSMOLOGY Complexityin Cosmology 287 F. SYLOS LABINI,L. PIETRONERO StatisticalMechanics ofthe Self-Gravitating Gas. ThermodynamicLimit, PhaseDiagrams,LocalPhysicalMagnitudes and Fractal Structures 303 H. J. DE VEGA, N. SANCHEZ PhaseTransitions and Galaxy Clustering 373 W.C.SASLAW The Ultimate PhaseTransition 389 W.C.SASLAW vii V.PRIMORDIALANDASTROPHYSICALBLACKHOLES Black Holes:Scatterers, Absorbers andEmitters ofParticles 399 N.SANCHEZ Black Hole Astrophysics 417 I. V.ARTEMOVA,I. D. NOVIKOV Black Hole Emissionin String Theoryand the String Phase ofBlackHoles 429 N.SANCHEZ Primordial Black Holes as a Probe oftheEarly Universe and aVarying Gravitational Constant 451 B.J. CARR Primordial Black Holes and Hot Matter 471 J.I. KAPUSTA VIHIGH ENERGYAND NEUTRINOASTROPHYSICS The Curious Adventure of the UltrahighEnergy Cosmic Rays 485 F. W.STECKER Challenges ofthe HighestEnergyEvents Observed 505 P.L. BIERMANN In What Sense is the Energy SpectrumaUniversal PropertyofExtreme EnergyCosmic Rays 523 J.LINSLEY Physics ofCharged CosmicRays with the AMS Experiment 527 J. P.VIALLE Cosmic MagneticFields 543 P.L. BIERMANN viii VIITHEINTERNATIONALSPACESTATION Space ScienceUtilization of the International Space Station 561 W.VERNONJONES The Italian Role on the International Space Station 585 A. LORENZONI, M.e. FALVELLA AUTHORINDEX 593 PREFACE This NATO Advanced Study Institute provided an updated understanding, fromafundamentalanddeeppointofview,of the progress and key issues in the early universe and the physical processes which took place in it.The interplay between cosmic microwave background radiation, large scale structure anddark matter problem were stressed within a synthetic view.The central focus was placed on the crucial issue of the phase transitions in the early universe and their observable consequences: baryon asymmetry, baryogenesis and cosmological fluctuations. Emphasis was given to the precise interplay between cosmology, statistical physics and particle physics in these problems, both at the theoretical and experimental/observational levels, within a carefully balanced programme emphasizingthe genuine interdisciplinarityofthis domain. Special Lectures were devoted to primordial and astrophysical black holes, and to high energy, cosmic rays and neutrino astrophysics. Deep understanding, clarification, synthesis, careful interdisciplinarity within a fundamental physicsframework,werethe maingoals ofthecourse. Lectures ranged from a motivated and pedagogical introduction for students andparticipants notdirectlyworking inthefieldtothe latestdevelopments and most recent results. All Lectures were plenary, had the same duration and werefollowedbyadiscussion. The Course brought together experimentalists and theoretical physicists, astrophysicists and astronomers from a variety of backgrounds, including young scientists at post-doctoral level, senior scientists and advanced graduate studentsaswell. Bythe nature of the domain itself, there were different aspects, approaches and points of view (sometimes complementary to each other, sometimes in contradiction), to a same topic or subject. Special care was taken to provide the studentswiththe groundsforthedifferent lines of research incompetition (and not just via one approach). Participants had an excellent opportunity to learnaboutthe realstateofthediscipline,andto learnaboutit inacriticalway. This NATO Advanced Study Institute «Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations» was dedicated to the outstanding RussianPhysicist Andrei DmitrievichSakharov.Hisworkandhislegacy are at the heartofthisCourse:baryogenesisand itsconditions (breaking ofparticle antiparticle symmetry, deviation of thermal equilibrium, non-conservation of baryon charge); the Sakharov «acoustic» oscillations of the Cosmic MicrowaveBackgroundRadiation; the quantumunificationofgravity with the other fundamental interactions and cosmology. ix x Professor Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov, founder and honorary director of the L. D.Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics in Moscow, delivered a special lecture on «Lev D.Landau, the Man and the Physicist », which brilliantly complementedhislectureonthesubject intheChalongeSchoolof 1999. Dr NicholasWhite from the High EnergyAstrophysics Laboratory of NASA at Greenbeltdelivereda special lecture on «Cosmic Journeys, to the edge of Gravity,SpaceandTime» andtheNASA missionsforcosmology and black holes. Aspecialsession devoted to the International SpaceStation and its Scientific Utilization took place on the last day of the School with the participation of representatives from NASA,the Italian Space Agency and EUSO (Extreme UniverseSpace Observatory). AllLectures took place at the "PAM. Dirac" Lecture Hall. Each Lecture was followed by a 15-minutes discussion; the discussion sessions were as important as the lectures themselves. A special visit to the PAM. Dirac Museum and to the Daniel Chalonge Museum took place at the Closing sessionofthecourse. We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, with special thanks expressed to Dr Yves Sillard and Dr Fausto Pedrazzini,fortheirgenerousandefficientsupport. Our grateful thanks are expressed to all the lecturers who did so much to make this course succesful, andto participants and lecturers for contributing so much to the outstanding discussions and to create such a stimulating atmosphereduring the Course. We specially thank the reception secretaries, Nicole Letourneur, Monique Martz, Sylviane Spiess, and the scientific secretaries, Francisco Cao, Giuseppe De Risi, Jose Martinez Resco, Michele Simionato, Jon Urrestilla, Takayuki Tatekawa, and their coordinators Maria Cristina Falvella and AleksandrZhelthukin,fortheir efficientassistancethroughoutthecourse. Wealsoextendourappreciationto Kluwer Academic Publishers,Science and Technology Division, for their cooperation and efficiency in publishing these proceedings. HectorJ.deVega,IsaakM.Khalatnikov Directorsofthe Course NormaSanchez DirectoroftheSchool
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