Phase Diagrams. Materials Science and Technology

335 Pages·1978·8.17 MB·English

by  Allen Alper (Eds.)

R E F R A C T O RY M A T E R I A LS
A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS
John L. Margrave, Editor
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
RICE UNIVERSITY, HOUSTON, TEXAS
VOLUME 1. L. R. McCreight, H. W. Rauch, Sr., and W. H. Sutton
Ceramic and Graphite Fibers and Whiskers
A Survey of the Technology
VOLUME 2. Edmund K. Storms
The Refractory Carbides
VOLUME 3. H. W. Rauch, Sr., W. H. Sutton, and L. R. McCreight
Ceramic Fibers and Fibrous Composite Materials
VOLUME 4. Larry Kaufman and Harold Bernstein
Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams
With Special Reference to Refractory Metals
VOLUME 5. Allen M. Alper, Editor
High Temperature Oxides
Part I: Magnesia, Lime, and Chrome Refractories
Part II: Oxides of Rare Earths, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, Niobium,
and Tantalum
Part III: Magnesia, Alumina, Beryllia Ceramics: Fabrication, Character­
ization, and Properties
Part IV: Refractory Glasses, Glass-Ceramics, and Ceramics
VOLUME 6. Allen M. Alper, Editor
Phase Diagrams: Materials Science and Technology
Volume I: Theory, Principles, and Techniques of Phase Diagrams
Volume II: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Metal, Refractory, Ceramic,
and Cement Technology
Volume III: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Electronic Materials and
Glass Technology
Volume IV: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Technical Materials
Volume V: Crystal Chemistry, Stoichiometry, Spinodal Decomposition,
Properties of Inorganic Phases
VOLUME 7. Louis Ε. Toth
Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Materials Science and Technology
Edited by ALLEN M. ALPER
Director of Research and Engineering
Chemical and Metallurgical Division
GTE Sylvania, Incorporated
Towanda, Pennsylvania
VOLUME V
Crystal Chemistry, Stoichiometry, Spinodal
Decomposition, Properties of Inorganic Phases
1978
ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS. ELECTRONIC
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PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Phase diagrams.
(Refractory materials, v. 6)
Includes bibliographical references
CONTENTS: v. 1. Theory, principles, and techniques of
phase diagrams.—v. 2. The use of phase diagrams in
metal, refractory, ceramic, and cement technology, [etc.]
1. Phase diagrams. I. Alper, Allen M., Date
ed.
QD503.P48 54Γ.363 76-15326
ISBN 0-12-053205-0 ( v. 5 )
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TO MY UNCLE
Irving Frohlich
for the profound influence he had in inspiring my
career in science and technology by sharing with me
the innovative work he has done in the field of plastics
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
S. T. BULJAN*(287) Ceramics Department, GTE Sylvania Incorporated,
Chemical and Metallurgical Division, Towanda, Pennsylvania 18848
LARRY E. DRAFALLf (185), Materials Research Laboratory and De­
partment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
H. HERMAN (127), Department of Materials Science, State University
of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
Κ. H. JACK (241), Wolfson Research Group for High-Strength Materials,
Crystallography Laboratory, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
England
C. M. F. JANTZEN} (127), Department of Materials Science, State
University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
R. N. KLEINER (287),Ceramics Department, GTE Sylvania Incorpo­
rated, Chemical and Metallurgical Division, Towanda, Pennsylvania
18848
R. E. NEWNHAM (1), Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsyl­
vania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
* Present address: GTE Laboratories, 400 Sylvan Road, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154.
f Present address: Lambda/Airtron, 200 East Hanover Avenue, Morris Plains, New
Jersey 07950
ί Present address: University of Aberdeen, Department of Chemistry, Old Aberdeen,
Scotland AB9 2UE
Present address: Coors Porcelain Company, 17750 32nd Avenue, Golden, Colorado
80401.
ix
χ LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
DELLA M. ROY (185), Materials Research Laboratory and Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Uni­
versity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
RUSTUM ROY (185), Materials Research Laboratory and Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univer­
sity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
O. TOFT S0RENSEN (75), Metallurgy Department, Ris0 National
Laboratory, Denmark
Foreword
Perhaps no area of science is regarded as basic in so many disciplines as
that concerned with phase transitions, phase diagrams, and the phase
rule. Geologists, ceramists, physicists, metallurgists, materials scientists,
chemical engineers, and chemists all make wide use of phase separations
and phase diagrams in developing and interpreting their fields. New tech
niques, new theories, computer methods, and an infinity of new materials
have created many problems and opportunities which were not at all
obvious to early researchers. Paradoxically, formal courses and modern,
authoritative books have not been available to meet their needs.
Since it is the aim of this series to provide a set of modern reference
volumes for various aspects of materials technology, and especially for
refractory materials, it was logical for Dr. Allen Alper to undertake this
new coverage of "Phase Diagrams: Materials Science and Technology"
by bringing together research ideas and innovative approaches from di
verse fields as presented by active contributors to the research literature.
It is my feeling that this extensive and intensive treatment of phase
diagrams and related phenomena will call attention to the many tech
niques and ideas which are available for use in the many materials-
oriented disciplines.
JOHN L. MARGRAVE
xi
Preface
This volume is a continuation of the use of phase diagrams in the
understanding and development of inorganic materials. In order to create
materials with properties that are required for specific applications, it is
necessary to understand how to form the desired phases by controlling
composition, temperature, atmosphere, etc. Also, phase diagrams are
useful in giving us insight in understanding how the created phases will
change under different environments such as high temperatures, cycling
temperatures, corrosive environments, and atmospheric changes (reduc­
ing, oxidizing, inert).
This volume contains some excellent articles by R. E. Newnham, Delia
and Rustum Roy, and Larry E. Drafall on the relationship of phase
diagrams to crystal chemistry that should be helpful to all material scien­
tists and engineers. The field of spinodal decomposition has been ex­
tremely active in the last few years. The contribution by C. M. Jantzen
and H. Herman analyzes spinodal decomposition in metallic, halide,
oxide, glasses, and geologic systems. This should be of importance to
most scientists and engineers who are investigating metals and ceramics.
The paper by O. Toft S0rensen on nonstoichiometric phases should be
of great value to material scientists and engineers who are studying oxide
systems.
The use of phase diagrams in ceramic systems that relate to applications
where energy saving is critical is discussed by Κ. H. Jack, T. Buljan, and R.
Kleiner. Recent developments in sialons are discussed by Κ. H. Jack.
These materials have very high potential as parts in turbine engines. The
cordierite and spodumene systems discussed by R. Kleiner and T. Buljan
have excellent potential as heat-exchanger materials.
The editor wishes to thank GTE Sylvania for its assistance.
xiii
Content s of Other Volumes
Volume I: Theory, Principles, and Techniques of Phase
Diagrams
I. Thermodynamics of Phase Diagrams
Υ. K. Rao
II. Computer Calculations of Refractory Metal Phase Diagrams
Larry Kaufman and Harold Bernstein
III. The Methods of Phase Equilibria Determination and Their
Associated Problems
J. B. MacChesney and P. E. Rosenberg
IV. Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
H. C. Yeh
V. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Solidification
William A. Tiller
VI. Phase Diagrams in High Pressure Research
A. Jayaraman and Lewis H. Cohen
VII. Metastable Phase Diagrams and Their Application to Glass-
Forming Ceramic Systems
T. P. Seward, III
Volume II: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Metal, Refractory,
Ceramic, and Cement Technology
I. The Effect of Oxygen Pressure on Phase Relations in Oxide Sys­
tems
Arnulf Muan
XV
xvi CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
II. The Relationship of Phase Diagrams to Constitution and Micro-
structure in Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Systems
James White
III. The Use of Phase Diagrams in the Development and Use of Re­
fractories
Hobart M. Kraner
IV. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Fusion-Cast Refractory Materials
Research
A. M. Alper, R. C. Doman, R. N. McNally, and H. C. Yeh
V. Application of the Phase Rule to Cement Chemistry
F. P. Glasser
VI. Phase Diagrams in Extraction Metallurgy
J. Taylor
VII. Intermediate Phases in Metallic Phase Diagrams
Τ. B. Massalski and Horace Pops
VIII. The Use of Phase Diagrams in the Sintering of Ceramics and
Metals
D. Lynn Johnson and Ivan B. Cutler
IX. Phase Diagrams and the Heat Treatment of Metals
George Krauss and Joseph F. Libsch
X. The Use of Phase Diagrams in the Joining of Metals
A. Prince
Volume III: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Electronic Materials
and Glass Technology
I. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Crystal Growth
J. W. Nielsen and R. R. Monchamp
II. The Use of the Phase Diagram in Investigations of the Properties
of Compound Semiconductors
Μ. B. Panish
III. Superconductivity and Phase Diagrams
V. F. Zackay, M. F. Merriam, and Κ. M. Ralls